Basis functions have been extensively used in models of neural computation because they can be combined linearly to approximate any nonlinear functions of the encoded variables. We investigated whether dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) area neurons use basis functions to simultaneously encode heading direction, eye position, and the velocity of ocular pursuit. Using optimal linear estimato...

We present a rapid-scanning approach to fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy that combines acousto-optic phase-modulation with digital lock-in detection. The shifts the signal detection window suppress 1/f laser noise and enables interferometric tracking of time delays allow for correction spectral phase distortions accurate phasing data. This use acquisition linear non...

introduction: demyelination is one of the main causes of neurological disability. it is the end product of numerous pathological processes, multiple sclerosis (ms) being the most common cause. more than 70% of the ms patients suffer from optic disturbances. this disease commonly affects the optic pathway, particularly the optic nerves and chiasm. several attempts have been made to produce a sui...

purpose : to evaluate orbital blood flow velocities and optic nerve diameter with doppler and gray-scale sonography in patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis (on) methods : orbital doppler and gray-scale sonography was performed in 46 eyes of 23 patients aged 19-47 with acute unilateral on. on was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist on the basis of clinical presentation, presence of decrease...

introduction: multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological disease is most common in young adults. this disease has created many problems for patients and it leads to disability and dependence in life. clinical findings indicate that mental stress of everyday life events gradually work different body systems including the immune system is affected and can weaken it. various factors can modu...

background: the effects of high dose steroids for the treatment of methanol optic neuropathy was evaluated in this study. methods: in an interventional case series, 9 patients with a history of sudden visual loss after an ingestion of homemade alcoholic beverages were included in the study. the patients received 250 mg intravenous methyl prednisolone every 6 hours for 4 days continued with oral...

optic neuritis occurs in young patients, most often females, and presents as subacute monocular visual loss. periocular pain, particularly with eye movement occurs in the majority of cases. the retrobulbar form occurs in 65% of cases and is associated with normal optic disc appearance at onset. the central visual field is usually affected and an rapd and dyschromatopsia are present. brain magne...

background :there is not any data available about the effect of high bar pressure condition on intracranial pressure. in this study, the effect of diving on the optic nerve and sheath diameters as non-invasive markers of intracranial pressure has been investigated.   methods : twenty professional male divers from twenty one volunteers were chosen for this cross-sectional study. only one person ...