There is growing interest in deep eutectic solvents (DES) for both chemical synthesis and materials applications. However, there a general lack of understanding regarding what uniquely defines system as eutectic, more importantly, properties determine unique behavior. In this work, we identify the thermodynamic basis ideal eutectics relative to assumptions solutions. We then articulate new Solv...

Abstract We present an interpretation of the phase diagram for a binary alloy from point view reaction dynamics. consider model system in which two-component liquid is ideal solution, but solid can be non-ideal, with its non-ideality increasing reducing temperature. show how ‘batch’ evolution solid–liquid system, interfacial growth rates are proportional to free energy differences, leads set fo...

The phenomenological affinity approach to chemical kinetics based on mass-action rate expression is revised. It is shown that the reaction rate is not an unambiguous function of affinity and that in ideal mixtures with only elementary reactions thermodynamic coupling, i. e. a positive reaction rate and negative affinity of some reaction step at the same time, is not possible. Neither does therm...

Persistent, direct interactions between proteins in complex phases and small molecules acting as ligands, including processes taking place in lamellar environments like the membrane or in crowded, non-dilute environments, are critical to action of numerous drugs. Few computational approaches have been developed for making quantitative predictions of binding probabilities in environments other t...

We examine the validity of Fokker-Planck equation with linear force coefficients as an approximation to kinetic nucleation in homogeneous isothermal multicomponent condensation. Starting a discrete balance governing temporal evolution distribution function ensemble droplets and reducing it (by means Taylor series expansions) differential form vicinity saddle point free energy surface, we have i...

Abstract Radiation tolerance of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells has been investigated using high-fluence proton beam irradiation for application to devices in extremely-high-radiation environment. CIGS deteriorated after high-energy with non-ionizing energy loss 1 × 10 16 MeV n eq /cm , however, the could generate power irradiation. The ideality factors increased from 1.3 2.0, and series resis...

Schottky barrier diodes on α−Ga2O3:Sn heteroepitaxial thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition m-plane sapphire substrates are reported. Sets of co-planar were fabricated with different metals and methods. The current rectification effective height oxidized contacts realized reactive sputtering significantly exceed the values non-oxidized thermal evaporation or in an inert argon atmosphere. ...

Abstract A high breakdown voltage silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor operated over a wide temperature range from 300 K to 10 has been investigated. The measured Gummel characteristics illustrate that the collector current and base both shift higher as decreases. f T /f max are extracted be 23/40 GHz at 300K, 28/40 90 K, 25/37GHz 10K, respectively. effective amplification become...