Introduction: Sub-chronic swim stress is known to induce a prolonged hyperalgesia, which is mediated through NMDA and opioid systems. Nitric oxide is a soluble gas, which acts as a retrograde messenger that modulates the release of mentioned neurotransmitters. It is also involved in nociception and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO pathway in nociception and memory...

a b s t r a c t introduction: aloe vera extract is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-bradikinin agent in laboratory animals. the aim of this survey was to evaluate the ant-nociceptive effect of a. vera aqueous extract in fructose-fed male rats. methods: forty-five wistar-albino male rats were equally and randomly divided into five groups including sham operated and four test groups. sham op...

fruits of olea europaea l. have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat many inflammatory diseases. in order to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of defatted fruits of o. europaea, formalin test was used and for evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of the extract, the volume of paw edema was measured. the results revealed that both extr...

introduction: glabrous skin and hairy skin are innervated by different types of noxious fibers. however, the different nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin, a commonly used model of acute inflammatory pain, have not yet been systematically examined in the glabrous and hairy skin. methods: in this study, we compared nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin injections (2%, 4%, and 8%) into ...

A number of studies have demonstrated that sex differentially affects responses to stress and pain. In this study, sex-related differences in pain responding were investigated in a gravity-induced analgesia model, where the effects of stressful high-gravity loading (1.5G or 2.0G for 10 min) on nociceptive behavior in male and female rats were investigated. In each rat, eight sites (nose, both f...

Despite the diverse chemical structure of aspirin-like drugs, the antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs is mainly due to their common property of inhibiting cyclooxygenases involved in the formation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are potent hyperalgesic mediators which modulate multiple sites along the nociceptive pathway and enhance both transduction (peripheral sensitizing effect) and transmiss...

The aim of this study was to investigate whether astroglia in the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis; Vc) may be involved in orofacial neuropathic pain following trigeminal nerve injury. The effects of intrathecal administration of the astroglial aconitase inhibitor sodium fluoroacetate (FA) were tested on Vc astroglial hyperactivity [as revealed by glial fibrillary ac...

UNLABELLED Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as well as to reduced inhibition and is a manifestation of the remarkable plasticity of the somatosensory nervous system in response to activity, inflammation, and neural injury. The net effect of central se...