posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is a disorder of emotional and mental stress occurring as an outcome of injury or severe emotional shock. several neuroimaging studies in humans have shown the functions and relationship between the anatomical changes of brain and ptsd. the three major areas of the brain are affected by ptsd .these three areas are the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cor...

The first great flowering of neuroanatomy began about 1870, reached its height in the late 1880s and, with some notable exceptions, went into a marked decline during the two decades between the first and the second World Wars. In this essay I will relate some of my personal experiences during the early stages of a second flowering of neuroanatomy that began some fifty years ago and ultimately l...

Brain regions involved in mental rotation were determined by assessing increases in fMRI activation associated with increases in stimulus rotation during a mirror-normal parity-judgment task with letters and digits. A letter-digit category judgment task was used as a control for orientation-dependent neural processing unrelated to mental rotation per se. Compared to the category judgments, the ...

This essay commences with a consideration of the relative contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the study of the anatomy of the nervous system. It demonstrates the extent to which Cajal depended upon Golgi's work and how his modifications of the Golgi technique permitted a remarkable series of investigations in which the foundations of the neuron doctrine were laid and in which the intrinsic conn...

Despite their relatively small brains, with only about 100,000 neurons, fruit flies show many complex behaviours. Understanding how these behaviours are generated will require a wiring diagram of the brain, and significant progress is being made towards this goal. One study has labelled 16,000 individual neurons and generated a coarse wiring diagram of the whole fly brain, identifying subnetwor...