INTRODUCTION CT is responsible for more net radiation exposure to the US population than any other diagnostic test. As fears over medical radiation exposure grow, so too does the importance of understanding CT dose. For example, the California state legislature recently passed a law requiring that CT dose be included in all radiology CT reports beginning July 1, 2012 [1]. It is thus essential o...

Observations of latent heat, sensible heat and momentum flux from eddy correlation equipment are presented, along with approximately weekly measurements of soil moisture content. The measurements were made over a pasture field in the south of England for 3 years, covering two dry years, 1995 and 1996 and a more normal year, 1997. The data show that, overall, approximately 80% of the measured ne...

[1] Downwelling surface solar radiation is an important input to ecosystem models, and global models require spatially extensive data sets that vary interannually to capture effects that potentially drive changes in ecosystem function. In this paper, I describe and compare solar radiation data sets from two representative sources, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses ...

distinguishing productive zones of a drilled oil well plays a very important role for petroleum engineers to decide where to perforate to produce oil. conventionally, net pay zones are determined by applying a set of cut-offs on perophysical logs. as a result, the conventional method finds productive intervals crisply. in this investigation, a net index value is proposed, then; diffusivity equa...

This paper addresses two important problems of interest for deep-space optical communications, quantum inter-chip/intra-chip optical communications and quantum-key distribution: 1) the problem of coded -ary phase-shift keying optical coherent-state quantum communication in the absence of background radiation, and 2) the problem of coded binary coherent state communication in the presence of bac...

Mapping surface all-wave net radiation (Rn) is critically needed for various applications. Several existing Rn products from numerical models and satellite observations have coarse spatial resolutions and their accuracies may not meet the requirements of land applications. In this study, we develop the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) daytime Rn product at a 5 km spatial resolution. Its al...

Understanding the effects of global climate change on the algae that form the basis of most aquatic food chains is of paramount importance in our ability to make informed decisions about the future of production systems, marine ecosystems, and the global carbon cycle. Despite the Montreal Protocol to restrict the release of harmful chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere, ozone levels have not ...

In response to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, high-end general circulation models (GCMs) simulate an accumulation of energy at the top of the atmosphere not through a reduction in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)—as one might expect from greenhouse gas forcing—but through an enhancement of net absorbed solar radiation (ASR). A simple linear radiative feedback framework is used t...

Radiation use efficiency (RUE) provides a useful diagnostic approach for estimating carbon accumulation by terrestrial plant communities. A model for instantaneous gross photosynthesis by a canopy, considering sunlit and shaded leaves, variation of maximum rate of leaf photosynthesis within the canopy and a solution of the radiative transfer equation for propagation of direct and diffuse photos...

Despite increasing scientific scrutiny in recent years, the direct impact of the ozone hole on surface temperatures over Antarctica remains uncertain. Here, this question is explored by using the Community Earth System Model–Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM-WACCM), contrasting two ensembles of runs with and without stratospheric ozone depletion. It is found that, during austral sp...