To train accurate deep object detectors under the extreme foreground-background imbalance, heuristic sampling methods are always necessary, which either re-sample a subset of all training samples (hard methods, e.g. biased sampling, OHEM), or use but re-weight them discriminatively (soft Focal Loss, GHM). In this paper, we challenge necessity such hard/soft for detectors. While previous studies...

In this paper we consider an intuitionistic modal logic, which we call IS4 2. Our approach is diierent to others in that we favour the natural deduction and sequent calculus proof systems rather than the axiomatic, or Hilbert-style, system. Our natural deduction formulation is simpler than other proposals. The traditional means of devising a modal logic is with reference to a model, and almost ...

1. The Master Argument I will discuss the so-called “Master Argument” attributed to Diodorus Cronos in the light of some contemporary speculations on indexicals. In one version, this argument goes as follows: Premise 1. The past, relative to any time t, is necessary. Premise 2. The impossible cannot follow from the possible. Therefore, Conclusion. The possible is that which either is or will be...

For me the word audit has two meanings. Firstly, the regular study and analysis of facts about patients directly under one's own care; secondly, a more public accounting for practices, errors, and mishaps. The distinotion is more than trivial in my specialty, for while the one may be accepted the other may be equally as strongly resisted or its purpose vitiated by the emotions it arouses. It is...

David Armstrong’s law-maker, nomological necessity (N), is a second order relational universal that holds between state of affairs types, e.g., N(F, G). With only a small proviso, nomological necessity is supposed to instantiate as the causation of its second relatum, G, whenever its first relatum, F, instantiates. — In this paper, I will show that there is some friction within this theory when...

We study indexed necessity modalities in intuitionist S4. These provide the logical foundation required by a variety of applications, such as capability-based policy languages for access control and type theories for exceptional computation. We establish noninterference properties capturing the limitations on information flow between formulas under the scope of necessity modalities with differe...

Dear Readers and Authors, One of an editor's duties is to do the final proofreading of a manuscript. I have found that errors in the statistical evaluation of data are the most frequent reason for corrections at that stage. In this respect, one could say that statistics is a nuisance, for me at least. I also remember thinking statistical evaluation was a nuisance early in my scientific career, ...

This paper discusses some serious difficulties for what we shall call the standard account of various kinds of relative necessity, according to which any given kind of relative necessity may be defined by a strict conditional necessarily, if C then p where C is a suitable constant proposition, such as a conjunction of physical laws. We argue, with the help of Humberstone (Reports on Mathematica...

Our knowledge of natural categories includes beliefs not only about what is true of them but also about what would be true if the categories had properties other than (or in addition to) their actual ones. Evidence about these beliefs comes from three lines of research: experiments on category-based induction, on hypothetical transformations of category members, and on definitions of kind terms...

objective: non-compliance is one of the major problems in treatment of patients with schizophrenia. it is also the most significant risk factor for relapse and re-hospitalization. previous studies showed that 25-70% of all patients with schizophrenia have negative attitudes to drugs. therefore, the present study aimed to identify the relationship between drug attitude and discharge and the rate...