Native predators and parasitoids were identified against the invasive whiteflies in cotton ecosystem. Over past several decades, its control has been increasingly based on use of natural enemies. The enemies include Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Chrysoperla carnea, Diadiplosis sp, Orius insidiosus, two coleopteran beetles, Cybocephalus nipponicus, Delphastus catalinae species Aphelinidae parasitoids...

Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides, but their use is subject of debate because of their detrimental effects on pollinators. Little is known about the effect of neonicotinoids on other beneficial insects such as parasitoid wasps, which serve as natural enemies and are crucial for ecosystem functioning. Here we show that sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid impair sexual com...

Many vertically-transmitted microbial symbionts protect their insect hosts from natural enemies, including host-targeted pathogens and parasites, and those vectored by insects to other hosts. Protection is often achieved through production of inhibiting toxins, which is not surprising given that toxin production mediates competition in many environments. Classical models of macroecological inte...

Many animals respond to the threat of predation by producing alarm signals that warn other individuals of the presence of danger or otherwise reduce the success of predators. While alarm signals may be visual or auditory as well as chemical, alarm pheromones are common, especially among insects and aquatic organisms. Plants too emit chemical signals in response to attack by insect herbivores th...