BACKGROUND Healthcare liquid wastes are the reservoirs of harmful infectious agents such as the pathogens and multiple drug resistant microorganisms. Potential infectious risks include the spread of infectious diseases and microbial resistance from health-care establishments into the environment and thereby posing risks of getting infections and antibiotic resistance in the communities. OBJEC...

We studied the epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in Vladimir Region, Russia, in 2012. Most cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) were caused by transmission of drug-resistant strains, and >33% were in patients referred for testing after mass radiographic screening. Early diagnosis of drug resistance is essential for preventing transmission of MDR TB.

Introduction Volasertib (BI 6727) is a highly potent molecular targeted anticancer agent that induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis by selectively targeting the Polo-like kinase (PLK) family of proteins [1]. It is currently in early clinical development against various human tumors. PLK1 is the best characterized member of the PLK family and is recognized to play essential roles in the regulatio...

BACKGROUND The spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains has been a big challenge to the TB control and prevention in China. Knowledge about patterns of drug resistance in TB high-burden areas of China is crucial to develop appropriate control strategies. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of the resistance pattern of M. tub...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates may be transmitted within communities due to dense population and poor hygienic conditions. For proper management and control of MDR-TB, understanding drug susceptibility pattern of M. tuberculosis isolates and their transmission pattern in every health care setting are essential. In the present study, we atte...

The emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB and XDR-TB, respectively) has intensified the critical public health implications of this global disease. The fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) strains exhibiting MDR and XDR phenotypes is of fundamental importance in predicting whether the MDR-/XDR-TB epidemic will be sustained across the human population. ...

background: reduced susceptibility of clostridium difficile to antibiotics is problematic in clinical settings. there is new evidence indicating the cotransfer of toxin-encoding genes and conjugative transposons encoding resistance to antibiotics among different c. difficile strains. to analyze this association, in the current study, we evaluated the frequency of toxigenic c. difficile among th...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Rise in prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in tubercle bacilli is a serious cause of concern. As mutations with two house keeping genes rpoB and katG are associated with resistance to two important anti-tubercular drugs rifampicin and isoniazid respectively, there is a need to understand the growth kinetics of organisms with such mutated genes in experimental anima...

BACKGROUND The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) hampers TB control. Ten provinces in China performed drug resistance surveys among tuberculosis (TB) patients in 1996-2004 to assess levels of drug resistance. METHODS Provincial drug resistance surveys included all isolates from newly diagnosed, smear-positive TB patients. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against isoniazid, rifamp...

BACKGROUND/AIM Altered redox status has been reported to play a significant role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemia cells. Human biliverdin reductase (hBVR) has been recently identified as a major cytoprotectant; however, its role in MDR has not been yet investigated. In the present study we evaluated the possible role of hBVR in MDR development in the human HL60 leuke...