Classic theories link cognitive abilities to synaptic properties and human-specific biophysical features of synapses might contribute to the unparalleled performance of the human cerebral cortex. Paired recordings and multiple probability fluctuation analysis revealed similar quantal sizes, but 4-times more functional release sites in human pyramidal cell to fast-spiking interneuron connections...

The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a membrane-embedded protein that transports monoamine neurotransmitter molecules into intraneuronal storage vesicles to allow subsequent release into the synapse.1,2 By accumulating both newly synthesized neurotransmitter molecules and freshly returned neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse, VMAT function plays a critical role in the signaling ...

Defective particles were the major product after undiluted passage of certain temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the Indiana C strain of vesicular stomatitis virus in BHK-21 cells at the permissive temperature (31 C). Essentially homogeneous preparations of defective particles were obtained with the wild-type and individual ts mutants. The defective particles associated with some of the ts m...

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious disease of pigs, caused by an enterovirus and characterised by vesicles on the coronary bands, heels of the feet and occasionally on the lips, tongue, snout and teats. Strains of SVD virus may vary in virulence, and the disease may be subclinical, mild or severe, the latter usually only being seen when pigs are housed on abrasive floors in damp cond...

There has been keen interest in the development of a novel drug delivery system. Novel drug delivery system aims to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment, and channel the active entity to the site of action. At present, no available drug delivery system behaves ideally achieving all the lofty goals, but sincere attempts have been made to ach...

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is the prototype virus for 75 or more negative-strand RNA viruses in the rhabdovirus family. Some of these viruses, including VSV, can cause neurological impairment or death upon brain infection. VSV has shown promise in the prevention and treatment of disease as a vaccine vector and an oncolytic virus, but infection of the brain remains a concern. Three VSV var...

The semi-micro method for interferon assay was based on quantitation of inhibition of cytopathic effects in 6-mm wells. Cultures were exposed to interferon dilutions, challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus, and stained with methylrosanaline chloride. The bound dye was then eluted and measured colorimetrically. The method was more sensitive than the plaque-inhibition method and was extremely...

Isotype specific ELISAs to detect antibodies against swine vesicular disease, which may help to estimate the moment of infection, were developed and validated on sera from pigs experimentally infected with four different isolates of swine vesicular disease virus. Virus specific IgM antibodies could be detected from days 3-49 and occasionally up to day 91 after infection. IgG1 antibodies were fi...

Using a panel of new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), five neutralizing, conformation-dependent sites have been identified on the antigenic variant of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) circulating currently. In studies on the antigenic conservation of these sites, the four antigenic/genetic groups of SVDV described showed distinguishable patterns, confirming this classification. By sequencing m...

Phylogenetic analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationships within a group of coxsackie B viruses that contained representatives of the major serotypes of this group and 45 isolates of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) from Asia and Europe. Separate analyses of sequence data from two regions of the viral genomes encoding the VP1 and 3BC genes both revealed that the SVDV belonged...