This document describes a mobility services framework design (MSFD) for the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol that addresses identified issues associated with the transport of MIH messages. The document also describes mechanisms for Mobility Services (MoS) discovery and transport-layer mechanisms for the reliable delivery of MIH messages. This document does not provide mecha...

Flash signalling (with vanishing duty cycle) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is known to be a capacity-achieving modulation for multi-path fading channels in the limit of infinite bandwidth. However, since capacity-achieving schemes using flash FSK build the richness of their codebooks in frequency, the data rates of such schemes increase slowly with bandwidth. We seek to establish schemes that ex...

The threshold voltage distribution after ideal programming in NAND flash memory cells is usually distorted by a combination of the random telegraph noise (RTN), cell-to-cell Interference (CCI), and the retention process. To decide the original bits more accurately in this scenario, a precise channel model shall be utilized on the basis of the measured threshold voltages. This paper aims to char...

The flash-lag effect refers to the phenomenon where a flash of a stationary stimulus presented adjacent to a moving stimulus appears to lag behind it. We investigated whether the flash-lag effect affected the tilt aftereffect using two sets of vertical gratings for a flash and a moving stimulus that created a specific orientation when aligned with a specific temporal offset. Our results show th...

This chapter is to introduce NAND flash channel model, error correction codes (ECC) and signal processing techniques in flash memory. There are several kinds of noise sources in flash memory, such as random-telegraph noise, retention process, inter-cell interference, background pattern noise, and read/program disturb, etc. Such noise sources reduce the storage reliability of flash memory signif...

In this research, nano materials with tubular structures are added to SAE 20W50 engine oil to study the rate of their effects on the properties of engine oil. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and vanadium oxide nanotubes (VONTs) has been used as two different additive materials, one of them is carbonic and the other is metallic oxides and their effect on  different parameters contain...

This paper presents the design of a new Web server architecture called the asymmetric multi-process eventdriven (AMPED) architecture, and evaluates the performance of an implementation of this architecture, the Flash Web server. The Flash Web server combines the high performance of single-process event-driven servers on cached workloads with the performance of multiprocess and multi-threaded se...

The need for low power, small form-factor, secondary storage devices in embedded systems has led to the widespread use of flash memory. Energy consumption due to processor and flash for such devices is critical to embedded system design. In this paper, we have proposed a quantitative account of energy consumption in both processor and flash due to overhead of filesystem related system calls. A ...

NAND flash memory is ubiquitous in everyday life today because its capacity has continuously increased and cost has continuously decreased over decades. This positive growth is a result of two key trends: (1) effective process technology scaling; and (2) multi-level (e.g., MLC, TLC) cell data coding. Unfortunately, the reliability of raw data stored in flash memory has also continued to become ...

Solar energy, amongst all renewable energies, has attracted inexhaustible attention over the world as a supplier of sustainable energy. The energy requirement major seawater desalination processes such multistage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) are fulfilled by burning fossil fuels, which impact environment significantly due to emission greenhouse gases. in...