The papers in this Special Issue compellingly show that older adults' everyday cognitive life is governed not by the decline in elementary cognitive processes as measured in the lab, but by a multitude of compensatory mechanisms, most of which are of the social/motivational variety. Much of this compensatory behavior can be elicited with no or only little experimental prodding, underscoring the...

The motivational styles of 25 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD/C), 13 children with ADHD, inattentive type (ADHD/IA), and 25 nondiagnosed controls (NC) were compared using parent, teacher, and self-ratings. Both ADHD subtypes demonstrated motivational impairment characterized by a preference for easy work, less enjoyment of learning, less persistence, ...

Infantile or Malignant osteopetrosis is a rare congenital disorder of bone resorption. It is caused by failure of osteoclasts to reabsorb immature bone. Severe infantile or malignant osteopetrosis present at birth or develops within the first few months of life. We are reporting here a case of two siblings with malignant osteopetrosis. Prominent clinical features included marked pallor, noisy r...

Methanol induces developmental toxicity in rats and mice producing exencephaly, cleft palate, cervical skeletal defects, reduced body weight, and increased embryo/fetal death. Exposure to methanol in whole embryo culture also induces developmental retardation, dysmorphogenesis, and embryo lethality. In the present study, cultured rat and mouse embryos were exposed to methanol and subsequently o...

This study explored developmental and individual differences in intellectual humility (IH) among 127 children ages 6-8. IH was operationalized as children's assessment of their knowledge and willingness to delegate scientific questions to experts. Children completed measures of IH, theory of mind, motivational framework, and intelligence, and neurophysiological measures indexing early (error-re...

The dual pathway model proposes the existence of separate and neurobiologically distinct cognitive (inhibitory and more general executive dysfunction) and motivational (delay aversion) developmental routes to AD/HD. The study reported in this paper explores the relation between inhibitory deficits and delay aversion and their association with AD/HD in a group of three-year-old children. Childre...

This article examines the role of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational skills in problem solving. Cognitive skills include instructional objectives, components in a learning hierarchy, and components in information processing. Metacognitive skills include strategies for reading comprehension, writing, and mathematics. Motivational skills include motivation based on interest, self-efficacy...

The current cross-national study investigates the potential buffering role of socio-motivational relationships for the association of achievement drive (AD) and test anxiety (TX) in secondary school students from Canada and Germany. One thousand and eighty-eight students (54% girls, M age = 13.71, SD = 0.53, age span 12-15 years) from the state of Brandenburg and 389 students from Quebéc (55.9%...

This article provides an integrated description of the teachings Eastern and Western pedagogical psychologists on economics economic culture, a comprehensive approach to this process in relation philosophical, legal, economic, sociological, psychological aspects. information is required. The components culture are defined as education, activity, criteria for development culture: cognitive, moti...