The hairpin ribozyme comprises two formally unpaired loops carried on two arms of a four-way helical RNA junction. Addition of divalent metal ions brings about a conformational transition into an antiparallel structure in which there is an intimate association between the loops to generate the active form of the ribozyme. In this study, we have used fluorescence resonance energy transfer to ana...

The behavior of Lewis acidic metal ions in multimetallic systems has become a subject intense interest recent years. Parametrizing the these nonaqueous conditions, commonly used field, is challenging due to lack direct measures acidity polar organic solvents. Here, we report use triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) as 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe quantify library triflate salts using G...

The dynamics of ions adsorbed at the surface of immersed charged solids plays a central role in countless natural and industrial processes such as crystal growth, heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, or biological function. Electrokinetic measurements typically distinguish between a so-called Stern layer of ions and water molecules directly adsorbed on to the solid's surface, and a diffus...

A literature review reveals many lines of evidence that both delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium channels are multi-ion pores. These include unidirectional flux ratios given by the 2--2.5 power of the electrochemical activity ratio, very steeply voltage-dependent block with monovalent blocking ions, relief of block by permeant ions added to the side opposite from the blocking ion, ...

All-inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) having the general formula ABX3, where A is a monovalent cation, for example, Cs+, B divalent typically Pb2+, and X Cl–, Br–, I–, or their binary mixture, show potential in optoelectronic devices. In this work, we explore effect of B-site doping on properties CsPbX3 NCs (X = Br, Cl). First, Pb2+ ions pristine CsPbBr3 NC are partially subs...

Minimal liquid discharge (MLD) in greenhouses minimizes the volume of discharged wastewater, thereby increasing effluent that may be reused. Sodium accumulation wastewater is often considered main bottleneck to achieving 100% reuse. Consequently, have begun adopting reverse osmosis (RO), most commonly used desalination technology for treatment. RO removes ions from indiscriminately, including m...

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed an unprecedentedly rapid development, especially in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the solution-processed perovskite films inevitably possess numerous crystallographic defects (e.g., halide vacancies), which has been shown to incur non-radiative charge recombination and ion migration, thus limiting enhancement PCE stability PSCs...

Selective removal of ions from water via capacitive deionization (CDI) is relevant for environmental and industrial applications like purification, softening, resource recovery. Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are proposed as an electrode material selectively removing cations water, based on their size. So far, PBAs used in CDI selective toward monovalent ions. Here, vanadium hexacyanoferrate (VHC...

Oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of aqueous chloride solutions have been measured for Li(+), Na(+), K(+), NH(4)(+), C(NH(2))(3)(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) at 2 and 4 M cation concentrations. Marked changes in the liquid water XAS are observed upon addition of the various monovalent cation chlorides that are nearly independent of the identity of the cation. This indicates that interactio...

Although the hammerhead reaction proceeds most efficiently in divalent cations, cleavage in 4 M LiCl is only approximately 10-fold slower than under standard conditions of 10 mM MgCl2 (Murray et al., Chem Biol, 1998, 5:587-595; Curtis & Bartel, RNA, 2001, this issue, pp. 546-552). To determine if the catalytic mechanism with high concentrations of monovalent cations is similar to that with diva...