Abstract Let G be a digraph where every node has preferences over its incoming edges. The of extend naturally to branchings , i.e., directed forests; branching B is popular if does not lose head-to-head election (where nodes cast votes) against any branching. Such have natural application in liquid democracy. problem decide admits or not. We give characterization terms dual certificates and use...

This study addresses the lack of research conducted on design Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) certification courses. It focuses primarily how graduates online TEFL courses perceived course and whether they felt prepared for complexities teaching abroad. The highlights graduates’ perceptions overall while describing their confidence to teach abroad upon completion course. Findings ...

All certificates, including those for secondary school graduation, high diplomas, and college degrees, have been converted to digital form made accessible students at higher education institutions. It's essential learners keep track of their diplomas. It is a complex time-consuming process the institution or organization verify authenticate certificate's validity. This application would aid in ...

ness: This means abstractness with respect to object identifiers (see Abstract Ids & Closed Maps (section 4.4.1) and Abstract Identifiers (how) (section 4.4.4)). When a closed map is uniformly renamed or is retrieved from the FDL, which is only guaranteed modulo renaming, there is no rechecking of certificates; they are treated like any other objects. Suppose, for example, that during a session...

The security of the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlays networks has been questioned for years. Many works have been proposed to provide secure routing, anonymity, reputation systems, confidentiality, etc. However, the identity assignment has been less considered. These networks are designed so that each user has a unique identifier (nodeID), but the most of identity assignment systems allow malicious ...

In ad-hoc networks and other highly distributed and decentralized environments, authorization certificates can be used to control access. Moreover, it is possible to delegate rights listed in the certificate to another users. Several such subsequent delegations build a chain of certificates. Chains of delegation certificates can improve the capability and manageability of systems. Distributed g...

We argue that joint administration of access polic ies for a dynamic coalition formed by autonomous domains requires that these domains set up a central author ity that distributes threshold attribute certificat es authorizing access to policy objects (e.g., ACLs). Joint author ity over the issuance of such certificates is retai ned by member domains separately holding shares of the central au ...