GPS radio occultation events observed between 24 July and 17 November 2008 by the IGOR occultation receiver aboard the TerraSAR-X satellite are processed and analyzed. The comparison of 15 327 refractivity profiles with collocated ECMWF data yield a mean bias between zero and −0.30 % at altitudes between 5 and 30 km. Standard deviations decrease from about 1.4 % at 5 km to about 0.6 % at 10 km ...

[1] GPS Radio Occultation (RO) profiling from low-Earth orbiting satellites is operationally used for numerical weather forecasting and is starting to be used for climate studies. Obtaining high-quality observations near the surface requires recording of RO signals in model-aided open loop (OL) mode by the GPS receiver. Postprocessing of the OL RO signals is different from that of the signals r...

[1] Canonical transform (CT) and full-spectrum inversion (FSI) methods can be used in processing radio occultation data to retrieve transmission profiles, which are necessary in addition to bending angle profiles for the retrieval of atmospheric humidity independent of temperature. Low Earth orbiter–low Earth orbiter cross-link occultations with X/K band frequencies can provide transmission dat...

[1] Refractivity from clutter (RFC) refers to techniques that estimate the atmospheric refractivity profile from radar clutter returns. A RFC algorithm works by finding the environment whose simulated clutter pattern matches the radar measured one. This paper introduces a procedure to compute RFC estimator performance. It addresses the major factors such as the radar parameters, the sea surface...

(Part I) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and in particular, Chronic Wasting Disease are devastating neuropathologic diseases caused by a unique, but unknown infective agent with high degree of refractivity to ordinary disinfectant and sterilization procedures. Three criteria are used to identify TSEs 1) neuronal vacoulation, 2) Scrapie Associated Fibrils, and 3) proteins resista...

In the absence of alternative technology of hybrid development, chemical induction of male sterility-mediated technology based on chemical hybridising agents (CHAs) holds immense potential. 5-Carbethoxy-N-aryl-4,6-dimethyl-1,2dihydropyrid-2-ones have been synthesized by the condensation between substituted anilines with ethyl isodehydracetate and evaluated as chemical hybridising agents on whea...

Abstract Under very large vertical gradients of atmospheric refractivity, which are typical at the height planetary boundary layer, assimilation radio occultation (RO) observations into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models presents several serious challenges. In such conditions, RO bending angle profiles is an ill-posed problem, uncertainty associated with higher, and one-dimensional forwa...

introduction: ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare occurrence and consequently not often considered as a diagnostic possibility. in this article, an attempt was made to stress on the need for histopathological examination and follow up of every case of ectopic pregnancy. this was substantiated with the help of a case report. case presentation: a 30-year-old gravida 4, para 3, pregnant woman with a...