Histones are abundant nuclear proteins that are essential for the packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromosomes. Different histone variants, in combination with their modification 'code', control regulation of gene expression in diverse cellular processes. Several enzymes that catalyze the addition and removal of multiple histone modifications have been discovered in the past decade, enabling in...

The cell surface and extracellular matrix polysaccharide, heparan sulfate (HS) conveys chemical information to control crucial biological processes. HS chains are synthesized in a non-template driven process mainly the Golgi apparatus, involving large number of enzymes capable subtly modifying its substitution pattern, hence, interactions effects. Changes localization HS-modifying throughout we...

Three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were previously shown to contain a 50S plasmid conferring resistance to several aminoglycosides, were examined for modifying enzymes. Both the wild-type and heat-cured derivatives of the isolates were screened for acetyl-, adenylyl-, and phosphotransferase activities. The substrates were gentamicin, amikacin, and netilmicin; the results in...

Chromodomain, helicase, DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme that has been demonstrated to exist within a large protein complex which includes WDR5, Ash2L, and RbBP5, members of the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) histone modifying complexes. Here we show that CHD8 relocalizes to the promoter of the MLL regulated gene HOXA2 upon gene activation. Depletion of...

Signal transduction pathways converge upon sequence-specific DNA binding factors to reprogram gene expression. Transcription factors, in turn, team up with chromatin modifying activities. However, chromatin is not simply an endpoint for signaling pathways. Histone modifications relay signals to other proteins to trigger more immediate responses than can be achieved through altered gene transcri...

Background and Aims: Given the importance of aminoglycoside resistance in nosocomial and community infections caused by bacterial pathogenes such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of aac (6')- Ib and aac (3)- IIa, the genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes involved in aminoglycoside resistance. Material and Methods: A t...

Enzymes catalyse numerous reactions in nature, often causing spectacular accelerations in the catalysis rate. One aspect of understanding how enzymes achieve these feats is to explore how they use the limited set of residue side chains that form their 'catalytic toolkit'. Combinations of different residues form 'catalytic units' that are found repeatedly in different unrelated enzymes. Most cat...

Microorganisms possess a strong capacity for secondary metabolite synthesis, which is represented by tightly controlled networks. The absence of any enzymes leads to change in the original metabolic pathway, with decrease or even elimination synthetic product, not permissible under conditions normal life activities microorganisms. In order improve efficiency metabolism, organisms have evolved m...

Fungi are the main contaminants of books and archival documents. In addition to their degrading power, offered by various types lignolytic cellulolytic enzymes, they can also hue surface paper through production pigments. The fungi on release pigments belonging mostly two chemical groups (polyketides carotenoids), which cause unpleasant anaesthetic stains. be hued with several synthetic colors,...