Military surgical doctrine has traditionally taught that all ballistic wounds should be formally managed by surgical intervention. There is now, however, both experimental and clinical evidence supporting the nonoperative treatment of selected small fragment wounds. Low energytransfer wounds affecting the soft tissues, without neuro-vascular compromise and with stable fracture patterns, may be ...

This paper explores how the increase in army size observed in early modern times changed the way states conducted wars. Starting in the late 18th century, states switched from mercenaries to a mass army by conscription. We model the incentives of soldiers to exert effort in war and show that as army size increases paying mercenaries is no longer optimal. In order for the population to accept fi...

The ecological debt we’ve incurred is dire. We’ve precipitated climate change that’s within one degree centigrade of the maximum temperature in the past million years. Leading scientists say we have ten years at best to make a massive global shift, an extreme carbon makeover. It’s show-time. We’re entering a drastic period of creative destruction. We’ve already begun to trigger what some ecolog...

SUMMARY After a short reference to Iran-Iraq war as a motivating factor for the present study, the issues of battle stress and psychological wounds of war ar discuused. Reactions of the world armies 10 psychological breakdown of soldiers, military psychotherapy, therapy in combat zone and its developmental process through Civil war, Crimean war, first and Second world wars, Korean and Vietnam ...

The fifth generation wars are attributed to hybrid with modern and smart warfare methods, they of great importance in the studies researchers specialists, as target sovereignty states disturb their social institutional structure, usually practiced by major countries towards weak continuous conflicts, order employ tools a manner Great effectiveness through groups individuals who dealt financed c...