Teeth may require further management following root canal treatment because of persisting or new apical pathosis. Management must be based on the diagnosis of the presenting condition and the history of the previous treatment, particularly in relation to when it was completed. Most root-filled teeth with periapical pathosis should be re-treated in the first instance via a conventional orthograd...

Sudden tooth loss in the esthetic zone of the maxillary or mandibular anterior region can be due to trauma, periodontal disease, or endodontic failure. The treatment options for replacing the missing tooth can vary between removable prosthesis, tooth-supported prosthesis, and implant-supported prosthesis. Irrespective of the final treatment, the first line of management would be to provisionall...

T plans for patients with missing max­ illary lateral incisors have traditionally included either space closure or space reopen­ ing.1-9 The most common objections to orthodon­ tic space closure are that the treatment outcome may not look “natural”, that retention is difficult, and that the functional occlusion may be com­ promised. Many clinicians have therefore pre­ ferred to create space for...

This study was planned to determine the prevalence of hypodontia in permanent dentition and to test whether an association was present between hypodontia and Angle's malocclusion. The retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Karachi, and comprised record of all patients visiting the orthodontic clinics of the hospital from 2005 to 2015. Orthodontic records of 790(79%) subj...

A large amount of data is typically collected during a periodontal exam. Analyzing these data poses several challenges. Several types of measurements are taken at many locations throughout the mouth. These spatially-referenced data are a mix of binary and continuous responses, making joint modeling difficult. Also, most patients have missing teeth. Periodontal disease is a leading cause of toot...

A large amount of data is typically collected during a periodontal exam. Analyzing these data poses several challenges. Several types of measurements are taken at many locations throughout the mouth. These spatiallyreferenced data are a mix of binary and continuous responses, making joint modeling difficult. Also, most patients have missing teeth. Periodontal disease is a leading cause of tooth...