The present study was aimed to investigate the role and relationship between N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS-induced depression model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats. Intrahippocampal injections of NMDA, non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and NPY-Y1 receptor antagonist G...

To explore mechanisms of the beneficial consequences of regular exercise, we studied the effects of regular swimming and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress in the brain and liver of rats. Protein carbonyl was significantly reduced and the activity of proteasome was upregulated in the brain extracts of young and middle-aged animals after 9 weeks of swimming training. Furthermore, their cogni...

Kinematics and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini were measured in a Brett-type flume (635 l). Kinematic parameters were also measured in sharks swimming in a large pond for comparison with those of sharks swimming in the flume. Sharks in the flume exhibited a mean Ucrit of 65±11 cm s-1 (± s.d.) or 1.17±0.21 body lengths p...

Actuating periodically an elastic filament in a viscous liquid generally breaks the constraints of Purcell’s scallop theorem, resulting in the generation of a net propulsive force. This observation suggests a method to design simple swimming devices which we call “elastic swimmers” where the actuation mechanism is embedded in a solid body and the resulting swimmer is free to move. In this paper...

(1) A neurone (designated cell 204) has been identified in the segmental ganglia of the leech which, when stimulated intracellularly in isolated nerve cords, reliably initiates and maintains the neuronal activity pattern characteristic of swimming. In a minimally dissected leech, cell 204 activity results in normal swimming movements. (2) Cell 204 is an unpaired, intersegmental interneurone whi...

OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of training in swimming and water safety on young preschool-children's ability to recover safely from a simulated episode of falling into a swimming pool. DESIGN Randomized trial of 12 or eight weeks' duration water safety and swimming lessons for children 24 to 42 months old. OUTCOME MEASURES Swimming ability, deck behavior, water recovery, and swimming ...

The present research attempts to ascertain the impact of immediate verbal feedback (IVF) on modifications of stroke length (SL). In all swimming styles, stroke length is considered an essential kinematic parameter of the swimming cycle. It is important for swimming mechanics and energetics. If SL shortens while the stroke rate (SR) remains unchanged or decreases, the temporal-spatial structure ...