The research community is experiencing a revolution in microscale and nanoscale heat transfer, with a focus on developing fundamental experiments and theoretical techniques. More recently, these advancements have begun to influence the design of electronic systems. A futuristic electronic cooling solution might include high efficiency thermoelectric devices made from nanomaterials for the cooli...

BACKGROUND Streetscape (microscale) features of the built environment can influence people's perceptions of their neighborhoods' suitability for physical activity. Many microscale audit tools have been developed, but few have published systematic scoring methods. We present the development, scoring, and reliability of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) tool and its theoretic...

The computational modelling of soot formation and destruction during the combustion process is one most challenging topics in research. This paper reviews numerical models constructed at different length scales, including macroscale, mesoscale, microscale. four key stages evolution, nucleation, surface growth coagulation, agglomeration, oxidation, are first described with generally accepted mat...

Microbial sulfate reduction can impart strong sulfur isotope fractionation by preferentially using the lighter 32SO2! 4 over the heavier 34SO 4 . The magnitude of fractionation depends on a number of factors, including ambient concentrations of sulfate and electron donors. Sulfur isotope compositions in sedimentary rocks thus facilitate reconstruction of past environmental conditions, such as s...

A systematic study of the across scale coupling phenomenology in scattering problems is addressed using the theory of multiresolution decomposition and orthogonal wavelets. By projecting an integral equation formulation of the scattering problem onto a set of subspaces that constitutes a multiresolution decomposition of L 2 (R), one can derive two coupled formulations. The rst governs the macro...

INTRODUCTION Macro level built environment factors (eg, street connectivity, walkability) are correlated with physical activity. Less studied but more modifiable microscale elements of the environment (eg, crosswalks) may also affect physical activity, but short audit measures of microscale elements are needed to promote wider use. This study evaluated the relation of a 15-item neighborhood env...

The present paper aims at an upscaled description of coupled heat and mass processes during solid–fluid combustion in porous media using volume-averaging theory (VAT). The fluid flows through the pores in a porous medium where a heterogeneous chemical reaction occurs at the fluid–solid interface. The chemical model is simplified into a single reaction step with Arrhenius kinetic law, but no ass...

Offshore wind farm cluster effects between neighboring wind farms increase rapidly with the large-scale deployment of offshore wind turbines. The wind farm wakes observed from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) are sometimes visible and atmospheric and wake models are here shown to convincingly reproduce the observed very long wind farm wakes. The present study mainly focuses on wind farm wake clim...

Mudstone rich in clay minerals exhibits an obvious water-induced weakening effect, and the mechanical properties of mudstone are significantly affected by groundwater. To investigate effect water on characteristics at microscale, a series uniaxial compression nanoindentation tests were conducted specimens different moisture contents. Microscale measurements upscaled to estimate corresponding ma...