Grammar teaching has been a topic of debate for considerably long time. Researchers and teachers discussed the benefits shortcomings its explicit instruction, which entails students’ awareness metalanguage. Although much research investigated metalanguage, effect on improving grammatical accuracy is still an unresolved issue, concerning it relatively limited. Nevertheless, widely recognised tha...

researchers have suggested that interactional feedback which is between teacher and learner during their writing is associated with l2 learning because it prompts learners to notice l2 forms. this paper reports a classroom-based study that investigated the role of feedback in socio-cultural theory. in this study, 12 efl learners performed on three writing tasks and were provided with a three-st...

Spanish undergraduates of English Studies are required to submit their essays in academic English, a genre which most of them are not acquainted with. This paper aims to explore the extralinguistic side of second language (L2) academic writing, more specifically, the combination of metalinguistic items (e.g. transition and frame markers, among others) with students' writing strategies when comp...

This paper investigates the epistemic and attitudinal meanings of rise and rise-plateau contours in listing contexts. Previous accounts of list intonation have made claims about epistemic meanings for list intonation, though without experimental evidence. In our first study, a metalinguistic task, subjects perceived rise and rise-plateau contours in listing contexts as having epistemic but also...

PURPOSE This study examined the contribution of metalinguistic awareness including morphological awareness, phonological awareness and orthographical awareness to reading comprehension, and the role of reading fluency as a mediator of the effects of metalinguistic awareness on reading comprehension from grades 2 to 4. METHODS Four hundred and fifteen elementary students in China mainland were...

This study addressed the development of and the relationship between foundational metalinguistic skills and word reading skills in Arabic. It compared Arabic-speaking children’s phonological awareness (PA), morphological awareness, and voweled and unvoweled word reading skills in spoken and standard language varieties separately in children across five grade levels from childhood to adolescence...

In a Slither Link puzzle, the player must draw a cycle in a planar graph, such that the number of edges incident to a set of clue faces equals the set of given clue values. We show that for a number of commonly played graph classes, the Slither Link puzzle is NP-complete.

Haemagglutination and tissue culture adherence tests using a McCoy cell line were used to examine the adherence characteristics of 105 strains of Gardnerella vaginalis. Each strain represented one isolate per patient. For each patient, a direct smear of vaginal discharge was examined for clue cells. The relation between in vitro adherence and the presence of clue cells was examined. There seeme...