The purpose of the present study was to explore cognitive symptoms of personality disorder traits by means of Baddeley’s working memory model. Forty-nine college students were tested for personality disorder traits with the Coolidge Axis II Inventory, and they were given measures assessing executive control, working memory, including general working memory capacity (Operation-Word Span), phonol...

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the one of the most common anxiety disorders. Despite its high prevalence, the disorder is still considerably undiagnosed and untreated. The disease places a massive burden on patient’s lives, affecting not only their social interactions but also their educational and professional activities, thereby constituting a severe disability. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) s...

PURPOSE: The present study examined associations of 5 endophenotypes (i.e., measurable skills that are closely associated with speech sound disorders and are useful in detecting genetic influences on speech sound production), oral motor skills, phonological memory, phonological awareness, vocabulary, and speeded naming, with 3 clinical criteria for classifying speech sound disorders: severity o...

Aversive memories underlie many types of anxiety disorders. One area research to more effectively treat disorders has therefore been identifying pharmacological targets affect memory processes. Among these targets, the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGlu5) received attention due availability drugs utilize its role in learning and memory. In this review, we highlight preclinical studies exam...

Models of anxiety disorders posit that information processing biases towards threat may result from an imbalance between top-down attentional control processes and bottom-up attentional processes, such that anxiety could reduce the influence of the former and increase the influence of the latter. However, researchers have recently pointed to limitations of the top-down/bottom-up terminology and...

Stress hormones influence a wide range of cognitive functions, including memory performance and executive function. It is well established that glucocorticoids enhance memory consolidation but impair memory retrieval. While most of the effects have been attributed to glucocorticoid receptors (GR), the importance of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) has been also emphasized. Dysfunctions in hypot...

The aim of this review is to summarize research on the emerging role of episodic memories in the context of anxiety disorders (AD). The available literature on explicit, autobiographical, and episodic memory function in AD including neuroimaging studies is critically discussed. We describe the methodological diversity of episodic memory research in AD and discuss the need for novel tests to mea...

Although frontal dysexecutive disorders are frequently considered to be due to working memory deficit, this has not been systematically examined and very little evidence is available for impairment of working memory in frontal damage. The objective of this study was to examine the components of working memory, their anatomy and the relations with executive functions in patients with stroke invo...

Degeneration of cholinergic receptors causes memory disorders and irreversible impairment in cognitive functions, whose advancement can lead to clinically recognizable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Very often, the first symptoms of AD are mood swings and hence depression should be excluded by differential diagnosis since it can also cause memory disorders and cognitive deficits. Due to the characte...