BACKGROUND Ring melanoma of the ciliary body and iris is extremely rare and often has adverse histology. This tumour may cause raised intraocular pressure. METHODS A review of four cases of ring melanomas with insidious presentations seen in the ocular oncology service over a 12 month period. RESULTS All four patients presented with unilateral anterior segment abnormalities and refractory g...

TLR-9 agonists are immunostimulating agents that have antitumor effects in animal models. A phase I trial was conducted to define the safety profile of subcutaneous injections, combined with intrathecally administration of CpG-28, a TRL 9 agonist, in patients with neoplastic meningitis (NM). Cohorts of 3-6 patients with NM were treated for 5 weeks with escalating doses of CpG-28. The primary en...

Several darkly pigmented tumors affecting the macular area have been described, including retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) hamartomas, combined retina-RPE hamartomas, melanocytic nevi of the RPE (congenital hypertrophy of the RPE), choroidal nevus, and melanomas invading the retina. Melanocytomas can rarely also be located in the macular area without involving the overlying retina. Retinal pigm...

Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a tumor encompassing epithelioid blue nevus of Carney complex (EBN of CNC) and was previously termed animal-type melanoma. Histologically PEMs are heavily pigmented spindled and epithelioid dermal melanocytic tumors with infiltrative borders, however, their origin remains unclear. Stem cells for the epidermis and hair follicle are located in the bulge...