Symbol recognition is a field within graphics recognition to which a lot of efforts have already been devoted. However, a document analysis expert who is more familiar with OCR might rightfully wonder what exactly we call a symbol and how symbol recognition differs from basic character recognition. Our feeling is that the problem is very different because of the much higher number and variety o...

A generalized maximum a posteriori (MAP) symbol synchronizer for arbitrary nonoverlapping pulse shape and data-transition density is derived, and a simplified realization is presented. Acquisition performance at low to very low symbol signalto-noise ratios (SNRs) is investigated and compared against the conventional datatransition tracking loop (DTTL). Simulation results show that the MAP symbo...

A modified trie-searching algorithm and corresponding data structure are introduced which permit rapid search of a dictionary for a symbol or a valid abbreviation. The dictionary-insertion algorithm automatically determines disambiguation points, where possible, for each symbol. The search operation will classify a symbol as one of the following unknown (i.e. not a valid symbol), ambiguous (i.e...

Objective of this paper is to discover the thinking behind two snakes displayed in Caduceus. The snake has been used as a symbol healing over last four millennia. Caduceus with intertwining on staff today by number medical practitioners and associations their symbol. However, no credible explanation use forthcoming. We aim provide an for relying Hindu psychology. Our study design was read Weste...

Hydrophobic amino acids of the group Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, and Met (LIVFM) are distributed in favored or suppressed patterns within protein sequences. The frequencies of all five-position combinations of [symbol: see text] = LIVFM and [symbol: see text] = non-LIVFM residues were analyzed in 48 proteins of known crystallographic structure. Some motifs were strongly preferred or suppressed; e.g., [...

Due to its high spectrum efficiency and good ability in coping with multi-path fading, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology has attracted considerable attention from researchers. However, OFDM system is very sensitive to symbol timing offset and carrier frequency offset, so accurate timing synchronization and frequency synchronization are necessary to OFDM system. This p...

scholars concern about colors application in poetic images, because color is considered one of the basic principles in images literary aesthetic field. in contemporary literature, poets portray beauty images by colors and indeed the presence of colors in nazok almalaeke poems is one of the basic rhetorical and expressive principles as other contemporary poets. in nazok almalaeke poems white is ...

INTRODUCTION The topic of representation acquisition, manipulation and use has been a major trend in Artificial Intelligence since its beginning and persists as an important matter in current research. Particularly, due to initial focus on development of symbolic systems, this topic is usually related to research in symbol grounding by artificial intelligent systems. Symbolic systems, as propos...

The chapter focuses on one of the key issues in document image processing i.e., graphical symbol recognition. Graphical symbol recognition is a sub-field of a larger research domain: pattern recognition. The chapter covers several approaches (i.e., statistical, structural and syntactic) and specially designed symbol recognition techniques inspired by real-world industrial problems. It, in gener...

Identifying a standard vocabulary and ontology is viewed as an important task for engineering design. While a number of high-level ontologies have been proposed, these are difficult to ground in terms of actual design instances, and manual definitions of the symbols are often incomplete and difficult to maintain. As an alternative, we propose an ”infant designer” paradigm which abstracts patter...