Hidden Markov Model is a popular statisical method that is used in continious and discrete speech recognition. The probability density function of observation vectors in each state is estimated with discrete density or continious density modeling. The performance (in correct word recognition rate) of continious density is higher than discrete density HMM, but its computation complexity is very ...

OBJECTIVES To objectively quantify facial movement in response to facial expression and spoken word. DESIGN Experimental study. Setting - Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University Dental Hospital, Cardiff, UK. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE Facial movement was assessed in response to a standardized smile expression and the utterance 'puppy'. The sequences were recorded using a ...

A frequent and well-founded criticism of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimates of a continuous parameter γ taking values in a differentiable manifold Γ is that they are not invariant to arbitrary ‘reparametrizations’ of Γ. This paper clarifies the issues surrounding this problem, by pointing out the difference between coordinate invariance, which is a si...