BACKGROUND Since 1995, measles vaccination at nine and 18 months has been routine in South Africa; however, coverage seldom reached >95%. We describe the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed measles case-patients and assess the impact of the nationwide mass vaccination campaign during the 2009 to 2011 measles outbreak in South Africa. METHODS Serum specimens collected from patients with suspe...

Nontraditional settings (NTS) are increasingly utilized for adult vaccination but concerns exist about their safety. We conducted this analysis of 542,445 persons vaccinated at an NTS in Minnesota to assess the safety of influenza vaccination in NTS. A total of 112 adverse events (AEs) were reported, 95 immediate and 17 late. Most AEs were mild and resolved within several minutes. 63 persons (....

BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic disease that, in most human cases, is fatal once clinical signs appear. The disease transmits to humans through an animal bite. Dogs are the main vector of rabies in humans on Flores Island, Indonesia, resulting in about 19 human deaths each year. Currently, rabies control measures on Flores Island include mass vaccination and culling of dogs, laboratory diagnost...

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General vaccination with a combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was introduced in Sweden in 1982. The immunisation schedule comprises two vaccine injections, given at 18 months and 12 years of age, respectively. A controlled field study was carried out in 150 children aged 18 months using two different batches of the vaccine. Seroconversion was seen in 96% against measles, 93% against m...

measles is a highly contagious disease. by the end of 2013, 84% of children had received at least a single dose of measles vaccine by their second birthday, and 148 countries had included a second dose as part of routine immunization. in 2002, the iranian ministry of health and medical education developed a comprehensive strategy to eliminate measles including mass immunization campaign for peo...

BACKGROUND Patients with underlying disease represent a high-risk group for influenza-associated complications and hospitalization. However, few studies investigated the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with liver disease. OBJECTIVE To examine immunogenicity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in patients with liver disease and to explore the associated factors on lowered immune ...

Policies regarding the use of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis vary greatly throughout the international community. In several countries, consideration of discontinuing universal vaccination programs is currently under way. The arguments against mass vaccination are that the effectiveness of BCG in preventing tuberculosis is uncertain and that BCG vaccination can inter...

Health information systems to monitor vaccine safety are used in industrialized countries to detect adverse medical events related to vaccinations or to prove the safety of vaccines. There are no such information systems in the developing world, but they are urgently needed. A large linked database for the monitoring of vaccine-related adverse events has been established in Khanh Hoa province, ...

BACKGROUND Rubella vaccination is contraindicated during pregnancy. During mass immunization of women of childbearing age against rubella, women unknowingly pregnant may be vaccinated. To evaluate the effects of rubella vaccination during pregnancy, the Brazilian state of São Paulo conducted a follow-up study of pregnant women vaccinated during a rubella campaign in 2001. METHODS Women vaccin...