The Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm [1, 2] is one of the most widely used algorithms in statistics. Suppose we are given some observed data X and a model family parametrized by θ, and would like to find the θ which maximizes p(X |θ), i.e. the maximum likelihood estimator. The basic idea of EM is actually quite simple: when direct maximization of p(X |θ) is complicated we can augment the...

In the last few lectures we have seen how to obtain high confidence bounds on the generalization error of functions learned from function classes of limited capacity, measured in terms of the growth function and VC-dimension for binary-valued function classes in the case of binary classification, and in terms of the covering numbers, pseudo-dimension, and fat-shattering dimension for real-value...

the study examines production efficiency of farmers under national fadama-ii project in oyo state nigeria. primary data were collected from two hundred and sixty-four farmers using multistage sampling technique. the analytical framework used for the study include: descriptive, infrastructure index, gross margin and stochastic frontier production function. average infrastructural index in the ar...

abstract the main aim of the paper is to determine the marketing efficiency of poultry industry in karaj. in this research the marketing margin and the marketing efficiency of poultry market in different level of the market in karaj was calculated. the results showed that slaughter houses gain the main part of marketing margin and marking profit. the share of slaughter house was more that 50 pe...

A medium—for example, points or money—is a token people receive as the immediate reward of their effort. It has no value in and of itself, but it can be traded for a desired outcome. Experiments demonstrate that, when people are faced with options entailing different outcomes, the presence of a medium can alter what option they choose. This effect occurs because the medium presents an illusion ...