Vacuum microwave-assisted extraction (VMAE), in which microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was performed in vacuum, was specially designed and applied for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds and pigments from Chinese herbs. The extraction conditions including solid/liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature and degree of vacuum were optimized. Subsequently, VMAE, MAE, and convent...

When we imagine a train snaking through a desert, does information about the train’s speed make it into our visual mental image? In this paper, we make use of the motion aftereffect illusion (MAE) to test whether the speed of imagined visual motion modulates transfer of adaptation to a subsequent visual motion discrimination task. We compared the effects of viewing slow, medium, and fast motion...

This study aimed to develop optimal microwave assisted extraction conditions for recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties from the macadamia skin, an abundant waste source from the macadamia industry. Water, a safe, accessible, and inexpensive solvent, was used as the extraction solvent and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to design and analyse the conditions for ...

Using daily observations of temperature, precipitation, radiation, and humidity from 24 stations spanning a large elevation gradient in Austria, we tested several previously defined algorithms for estimating daily radiation and humidity. The estimation algorithms were first tested independently, and then combined, resulting in a combined algorithm for estimating both radiation and humidity that...

Studies in primate physiology and human functional neuroimaging have convincingly shown that the area of the brain termed MT/V5(+)-which includes the middle temporal visual area MT/V5 along with adjacent motion-sensitive areas such as MST--is involved in the processing of motion information [1,2]. Tootell et al. [3] showed that the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal measured by fun...

BACKGROUND This study reported a comprehensive approach (comparing the extraction yields, chemical profiles, antioxidant properties and CYP450-inhibitory effects) to evaluated the effectiveness of various extraction methods [microwave-assisted extraction using water (MAE-W), heat reflux extraction using water (HRE-W), ultrasonic extraction using 70 % ethanol and ultrasonic extraction using etha...

We now consider the classical theory of thin airfoils. The generic problem is: we have a uniform, steady low speed (M 2 ∞ << 1) flow with undisturbed velocity U∞ in the +x direction over a thin wing with known planform and wing cross-sections located in the vicinity of the y ≈ 0 plane. The plan form is specified by the “chord distribution,” c(z). The “root chord” of the wing is denoted by co = ...

Eye movements create an ever-changing image of the world on the retina. In particular, frequent saccades call for a compensatory mechanism to transform the changing visual information into a stable percept. To this end, the brain presumably uses internal copies of motor commands. Electrophysiological recordings of visual neurons in the primate lateral intraparietal cortex, the frontal eye field...

OBJECTIVE To map the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) onto the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) health-utility index in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients participating in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry. DESIGN Cross-sectional MSWS-12 to EQ-5D cross-walking analysis. SETTING NARCOMS registry spring 2010 biannual update and supplemen...

BACKGROUND Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an early marker of acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS AND RESULTS Urine NGAL and serum NGAL (sNGAL) were assessed at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after contrast media (CM) exposure in 458 high-risk patients (development set). Optimal thresholds in predicting contrast-induced AKI (serum creatinine [sCr] increase ≥0.3 mg/dL at 48 hours a...