and "the simplest and one of the most important innovations", the stethoscope, first described in 1816. Ernest Board's picture of Laennec Listening to the Chest of a Patient shows the physician using a simple wooden tube to auscultate the chest of a man showing probable phthisis and a detail is also used on the dust cover of the book. A number of plates are devoted to hospitals and teaching. Re...

Executable code existed centuries before the invention of the computer in magic, Kabbalah, musical composition and experimental poetry. These practices are often neglected as a historical pretext of contemporary software culture and electronic arts. Above all, they link computations to a vast speculative imagination that encompasses art, language, technology, philosophy and religion. These spec...

We deene general concepts that extend, and simplify, the network calculus developed by Cruz 1, 2, 3] for guaranteed quality of service networks. We introduce a deenition of service curve, the extended service curve, which is the same for isolated queues and for networks of queues, and makes it possible to model nodes that otherwise do not t in the calculus of Cruz. We introduce two key technica...

The Church–Rosser theorem states that the λ-calculus is confluent under αand β-reductions. The standard proof of this result is due to Tait and Martin-Löf. In this note, we present an alternative proof based on the notion of acceptable orderings. The technique is easily modified to give confluence of the βη-calculus.

The business and accounting aspects of General Practice are integral to daily practice. In addition, recently there have been radical changes in the world of General Practice (GP). While formal post graduate GP training in the UK is thorough and practice accounts are included in the MRCGP syllabus, many GP registrars struggle with the subject and there is obviously less emphasis on this than th...

Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of several nephropathies including chronic allograft failure. Most chronic renal diseases result in tissue fibrosis, and this is independent of their initial cause. Tissue fibrosis is an accumulation of extracellular matrix, and in animal models of renal fibrosis, mRNA levels for profibrogenic cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF ) and ext...

In this paper, we study adaptive evaluation techniques for querying XMLbased electronic catalogs, and show, by means of experiments performed on real-world catalogs, that our approach can be used to integrate them with virtually zero effort at start-up time, and a small constant factor needed to perform the adaptive evaluation for all subsequent queries. We reach the conclusion that, from a str...

Teaching software development process is an important component of computer science and engineering education. In practice, processes are used by software development teams to coordinate activities and combine skills[12]. As in social behavior studies, human behaviors in teams are conceptualized as activities, interactions, and sentiments[10]. Software development processes can be both consider...

WE ALL INHERIT AND ACQUIRE different characteristics. When we experience a treatment aimed at changing our physiology, these characteristics may modify the effect of the treatment, making it more or less beneficial, harmful, or ineffective in different individuals. The issue of individual responses to treatments is therefore one of the most important in experimental research, yet few researcher...

In the 1960s-1980s, determination of bacterial growth rates was an important tool in microbial genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbial physiology. The exciting technical developments of the 1990s and the 2000s eclipsed that tool; as a result, many investigators today lack experience with growth rate measurements. Recently, investigators in a number of areas have started to use ...