where ∆ denotes a diffusion operator, is central to many biological applications, in fields ranging from pattern formation in development to ecology. One of the central topics of research in this context is the question of how the stability of solutions of the PDE relates to stability of solutions of the underlying ordinary differential equation (ODE) dx dt (t) = F (x(t), t). This paper shows t...

We argue that the linear static potential is built in into the common procedure of extracting it from lattice Wilson loop measurements. To illustrate the point, we extract the potential by the standard lattice method in a model vacuum made of instantons. A beautiful innnitely rising linear potential is obtained in the case where the true potential is actually attening. We argue that the ux tube...

The conditions for macroscopic segregation of A and B in a steady-state A + B ---, 0 reaction are studied in infinite systems. Segregation occurs in one and two dimensions and is marginal for d = 3. We note the dependence of these results on the precise experimental conditions assumed in the theory. We also note the difference between these results and our earlier ones for finite systems where ...

This paper shows that the set of probability distributions over networks induced by Nash equilibria of the network formation game proposed by Myerson (1991) is finite for a generic assignment of payoffs to networks. The same result can be extended to several variations of the game found in the literature.

Here we investigate how development and evolution can affect each other by exploring what kind of phenotypic variation is produced by different types of developmental mechanisms. A limited number of developmental mechanisms are capable of pattern formation in development. Two main types have been identified. In morphodynamic mechanisms, induction events and morphogenetic processes, such as simp...

We report the draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34, a Cr(VI)-hyperresistant and biofilm-producing bacterium that might be used for the bioremediation of chromate-polluted soils. The genome sequence might be helpful in exploring the mechanisms involved in chromium resistance and biofilm formation.

We apply a single Boltzmann-like integro-diierential equation to model pattern formation in aspect space. Dynamics of density distributions are considered in two cases. First, the distribution of organisms on the real line is investigated. A linear stability analysis reveals conditions on interactions between the organisms that lead to aggregation and periodic patterns. Use of diiusion approxim...

A unifying theory of general anesthetic-induced unconsciousness must explain the common mechanism through which various anesthetic agents produce unconsciousness. Functional-brain-imaging data obtained from 11 volunteers during general anesthesia showed specific suppression of regional thalamic and midbrain reticular formation activity across two different commonly used volatile agents. These f...

Mediator is a conserved multi-protein complex that plays an important role in regulating transcription by mediating interactions between transcriptional activator proteins and RNA polymerase II. Much evidence exists that Mediator plays a constitutive role in the transcription of all genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. However, evidence is mounting that specific Mediator subunits may control...

We consider a setting where every pair of players that undertake a transaction (e.g. exchange goods or information) create a unit surplus. A transaction can take place only if the players involved have a connection. If the connection is direct the two players split the surplus equally while if it is indirect then intermediate players also get an equal share of the surplus. Thus individuals form...