Macrophages or mononuclear phagocytes are heterogeneous populations present throughout the body which can adapt quite dramatically to the surrounding milieu, both in the steady state and during immune/inflammatory responses. To assist in our understanding of this diversity, they have been classified into polarization or “activation” states, termed M1 and M2, respectively. This in vitro classifi...

Hematopoietic growth factor receptors are present on cells of normal nonhematopoietic tissues such as endothelium and placenta. We previously demonstrated functional human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors on small cell carcinoma of the lung cell lines, and others have reported that certain solid tumor cell lines respond to GM-CSF in clonogenic assays. In the c...

Therapy combining dinutuximab with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin 2, and isotretinoin has significant side effects; however, these complications are generally predictable and can be managed proactively.

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) activates a set of genes such as c-fos, jun, myc, and early growth response gene 1 (egr-1). Studies on BA/F3 cells that express hGM-CSF receptor (hGMR) showed that two different signaling pathways controlled by distinct regions within the beta subunit are involved in activation of c-fos/c-jun genes and in c-myc, respectively. Howe...

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (recombinant human M-CSF) given as a single intravenous injection to Lewis rats induces a dose-dependent peripheral monocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. The monocytosis peaks at 28 to 32 hours with a seven- to eightfold increase in the number of circulating monocytes and promonocytes. The peripheral monocytosis is accompanied by a slight increase in m...

The cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, the environmental cues promoting differentiation of GM-CSF producing T cells are unclear. Herein, we performed a broad experimental screening of cytokines and data-driven analysis assessing their ability to induce human GM-C...

It is increasingly evident that neutrophils are able to cross-talk with other leukocytes to shape ongoing inflammatory and immune responses. In this study, we analyzed whether human NK cells may influence the survival and activation of neutrophils under co-culture conditions. We report that NK cells exposed to either IL-15 or IL-18 alone strongly protect the survival of neutrophils via the rele...

Recently, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been increasingly used in many industrial sectors, and this has led to a significant release of nano-sized palladium particles into the environment. However, despite the increase in occupational and general population exposure, information on the potential adverse effects of these PdNPs is still limited and their impact on the immune system constit...