Some patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), due to restrictive cardiac physiology, paradoxically have relatively low flow and gradients across stenotic valves despite preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function. It results in symptoms reduced quality of life carries a high mortality. Whilst this form AS, termed paradoxical gradient (pLFLG), is well reported, diagnosis experience inapp...

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Abstract Background Patients with Low-flow low-gradient (LFLG) aortic valve stenosis (AS) have possibly poor prognosis. Recently, it was reported that the LFLG AS patients similar outcomes compared to high-gradient (HG) but worse normal-flow [NFLG: SVi≥35 ml/m2, mPG <40mmHg] subgroup. The main determinant of LF state in severe preserved LVEF are male gender, heart rate, LV volume and atr...