At the close of the 19th century, bloodletting was state-of-the-art medical practice and life expectancy in the United States was about 40 years. Excerpts from a newly published photo collection chronicle the dizzying changes that have occurred since then.

Physiology is the study of normal function in the body and how genes, proteins, organ systems interact to maintain health. It provides a foundation for the health sciences profession and life science research. Physiology education in Singapore began soon after the establishment of the Federated States Government Medical School in 1905. The importance of Physiology to medical education was recog...

We describe the evolution of neuropathology in Canada, beginning with William Osler who began working in Montréal in 1874 and finishing with the major period of expansion in the 1970s. Organized services began in the 1930s, in Montréal with the neurosurgeons Wilder Penfield and William Cone, and in Toronto with Eric Linell and Mary Tom, who both began their careers as neuroanatomists. Jerzy Ols...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a new name for an old malady. The ancients included the disease under the rubric of “catarrh.” In modern times, COPD has come to signify a mixture of chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and emphysema (1, 2). Rarification of the lung in emphysema may progress to form bullae (Figure 1). Cigarette smoking has long been recognized as the predomi...

two, only surgeon and assistant surgeon. Previous to 1788 medical officers received warrants ; but, in October of that year, it was " resolved and ordered, that all medical gentlemen employed in the Company's service under this presidency, be coutinued in one general list; that they have commissions grauted to them, agreeable to their proper ranks as army surgeons ; and that whenever employed i...

“Nobody is born an epidemiologist. They always have a past: first they were physicians, biologists, sociologists, anthropologists, mathematicians, etc. ... [The past] weights on epidemiologists’ training and guides the kind of work they do. Ecologists, naturalists, humanists, and anthropologists have a more comprehensive view of natural phenomena, while sociologists often look for macrosocial ‘...

Grmek is admirably receptive to the socio-cultural shaping of responses to epidemic disease. Pointing out the irony of the fact that Susan Sontag's Illness as metaphor (1979) appeared on the very brink of the emergence of AIDS, he draws upon her perception that every age gets the symbolic disease it deserves to explore the metaphorical freighting of AIDS. Clearly aware that the ban upon figurat...

Objectives: Measuring malnutrition is difficult in all settings and confused with the signs of aging. Mini nutritional assessment an effective tool designed to identify older adults who have a risk developing malnutrition. Methods: Three hundred one free-living elderly lived their family or alone were included study. Nutritional screening was performed mini short form. Dietary intake assessed b...