Programming languages commonly provide “syntactic sugar” that decreases the syntactic cost of working with certain standard library constructs. For example, Standard ML builds in syntactic sugar for constructing and pattern matching on lists. Third-party library providers are, justifiably, envious of this special arrangement. After all, it is not difficult to find other situations where library...

class Exp{public abstract T Accept(Visitor v, D x);}class PlusExp : Exp {private Exp e1, e2;public PlusExp(Exp a, Exp b){e1 = a;e2 = b;}public Exp LeftOperand{get {return e1;}}public Exp RightOperand{get {return e2;}}public override T Accept(Visitor v, D x){return v.Visit(this, x);}} class TimesExp : Exp {private Ex...

Self-regulation is the ability to regulate one’s thoughts and actions to attain goals. Accordingly, self-regulated learning (SRL) involves plans and behaviors to achieve learning goals. With this in mind, in this study we investigated whether training English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners on the basis of a Self-regulated Learning (SRL) model improved their literal and critical reading co...

In a recent paper a new technique was proposed for remote ranging and topographical mapping by using a system with a single-photon-counting detector and a low-power pulsed laser [Appl. Opt. 35, 441 (1996)]. We report on the results from the laboratory and the field demonstration of this literal three-dimensional imaging technique. Using a detector system developed at Los Alamos with a commercia...

A relatively new field of specialized NT study is a careful examination of the literary genre or style of different books. Revelation has often been classified as a kind of literature called "apocalyptic," but the category of "prophetic" is probably a better classification for the book. The book calls itself a prophecy. If the genre were primarily apocalyptic, this might constitute a basis for ...

It may be that semantic representations of both literally and metaphorically used words extend to neural regions related to their modality. Additionally, it is unclear whether underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms in metaphor and literal sentence processing are distinct, a confusion due to a lack of control over numerous confounding factors in previous research (Schmidt et al., 2010). We p...

This study investigates the effects of left- (LHD) or right-hemisphere damage (RHD) on the production of matched idiomatic or literal expressions by examining healthy listeners' abilities to identify, evaluate and perceptually characterize the utterances. Native speakers of Korean with LHD or RHD and healthy controls (HCs) produced six ditropically ambiguous (idiomatic or literal) sentences in ...

Background. Literal or theoretical replications are important to evaluate and assess empirical results. However, there are still few replications in software engineering, and fewer external replications, i.e., developed by researchers other than the original ones. Aim. This paper discusses the difficulties found and the lessons learned from performing two literal replications of an experiment i...

Expressions, such as add fuel to the fire, can be interpreted literally or idiomatically depending on the context they occur in. Many Natural Language Processing applications could improve their performance if idiom recognition were improved. Our approach is based on the idea that idioms and their literal counterparts do not appear in the same contexts. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute in...

In studies of the cognitive processing of idioms, the role of mental imagery in understanding idioms remains a controversial issue. Cacciari and Glucksberg (1995) conducted an experimental study to investigate whether generating mental images of idioms can facilitate their comprehension. Their results appeared to reject both the possible connection between the literal mental image of an idiom a...