Distance relays are used to protect EHV and HV Transmission lines. Over the past decades many algorithms have emerged for digital distance relays. These are based on the calculation of the transmission line impedance from the relaying to fault points. In this paper a novel method for digital distance relaying is proposed. In the method the tracking procedure is implemented. The method uses the ...

In this paper, we study two approaches for tuning parameters of optimization algorithms: off-line and on-line tuning. The goal of tuning is to find an appropriate configuration of an algorithm, where a configuration is a specific setting of all parameters. In off-line tuning, the appropriate configuration is chosen after a preliminary phase. In on-line tuning, the configuration might be changed...

We investigate by exact optimization methods the roughening of two and three-dimensional systems of elastic lines with point disorder and hard-core repulsion with open boundary conditions. In 2d we find logarithmic behavior whereas in 3d simple random walk -like behavior. The line ’forests’ become asymptotically completely entangled as the system height is increased at fixed line density due to...

Distance relays are used to protect EHV and HV Transmission lines. Over the past decades many algorithms have emerged for digital distance relays. These are based on the calculation of the transmission line impedance from the relaying to fault points. In this paper a novel method for digital distance relaying is proposed. In the method the tracking procedure is implemented. The method uses the ...

Biosorption has attracted attention as a cost-effective means for the treatment of metal-bearing wastewater. While using novel biosorbents, optimization of operating conditions becomes more important for the efficiency of the process. In this study, a novel biosorbent i.e banana peel were used for biosorption of Sn2+ from aqueous media. The effect of various parameters, such as, contacts time o...