Hypothalamic orexin neurons project to numerous brain areas, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is involved in motivation and food-seeking behavior. Here we address how exogenously administered orexin-A and endogenous orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) activation in the VTA affects feeding behavior. We hypothesized that orexin-A and OX1R antagonist SB334867 delivered to the VTA, at doses t...

Formalin as a chemical noxious stimulus evokes a biphasic pain that its second phase as a chronic inflammatory pain is similar to clinical pain. In this study, we used 40 NMRI male rats (250-300 g), and experiments were carried out considering ethical rules. Experiments were performed in normal and morphine addicted rats, the addiction was induced by Leung method. Behaviors of flinching and lic...

Introduction: Beside its autonomic functions, the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. 17β-Estradiol is a neuroactive steroid found in several brain areas such as LPGi. Intra-LPGi microinjection of 17β-estradiol can elicit the analgesic responses. 17β-Estradiol modulates nociception by binding to estrogenic receptors as wel...

Trut LN. 1999. Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment. American Scientist 87:160-169. Summary. In 1959, the Russian geneticist Dmitry K. Belyaev began studying the behavior of captive foxes at a fur farm. Interested in the process of domestication, he experimentally selected foxes on the basis of their reaction to humans. Individual foxes that responded with fear were removed from t...

CONTEXT The seeds of Telfairia occidentalis have been known to possess different biological properties and are used in traditional medicine in Africa and Asia to treat many ailments. The plant is particularly noted traditionally for its healing properties and is usually consumed in the form of herbal decoctions/concoctions as a blood tonic, to treat sudden attacks of convulsions, pain, malaria ...

Hyperphagia is a reported side effect of anxiolytic benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Prior research has focused primarily on the ingestive responses to sweet or solid foods. We examined CDP effects on licking for normally accepted and avoided taste solutions across a range of concentrations. The effect of CDP (10 mg/kg) versus saline on the licking patterns of water-restricted ra...

The dose of carcinogen applied to the skin is one of the most important factors determining the ultimate tumor incidence (9, 10). However, the experiment of Calcutt and Powell (3) demonstrated that the effective dose of the carcinogen may be considerably lower than that measured onto the skin. Using fluorimetric methods and a single application of 3 mg. of benzpyrene (0.05 ml. of a 6 per cent s...