The present article aims to examine Isaiah Berlin's views and ideas, and gives answers to the questions of how political goodness is linked to the concept of negative liberty in Berlin's thought,  and how his view of political goodness has formed his critique looking toward the political system of the Soviet Union. Political goodness in Berlin's thought seems to be multiplied, and from the plur...

This is a tutorial article based on a lecture delivered in June 1999 at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in Ankara. The phenomenon of Andreev reflection is introduced as the electronic analogue of optical phase-conjugation. In the optical problem, a disordered medium backed by a phase-conjugating mirror can become completely transparent. Yet, a disordered metal connected to a superconductor ha...

Ethical tenets and political systems are one of the most controversial terminologiesin philosophy ofethics and politicalthought.That is why thinkers based upon theirintellectual  standpoint  have  reached  different  inferences  and  definitions  andelaborated  various  aspects  of  it  accordingly.Shariatisimilar  to  his  precedingthinkersmade the creation of ethicalpolitical system one of hi...