in a managed floating exchange rate regime, one of the most important issues is the degree to which the monetary authorities intervene in the foreign exchange market.  the appropriate level of intervention in the foreign exchange market can be discussed in a framework which emphasizes the trade-off between changes in the country’s level of international reserves and minimizes the country’s real...

The introduction of biotechnology into the agri-food world in the 1990s complicated an already difficult regulatory and trade system. At one level, biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) foods increase the potential for trade and the need for a fully functioning international trading system. At another level, the products of this new technology have precipitated a large and difficult debat...

Recent developments, including the analysis of firm-level adjustment to falling trade costs, have contributed to a revival of interest in intra-industry trade (IIT). Most empirical work still relies on the standard Grubel-Lloyd measure. This however refers only to international trade, disregarding income flows stimulated by repatriated profits of multinational firms. Given the overwhelming impo...

the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

rlabonté et al entitle their paper in this issue of the international journal of health policy and management “the trans-pacific partnership: is it everything we feared for health?” tantalisingly, they do not directly answer the question they pose, and in this commentary, we suggest that it is the wrong question; we should not ‘fear’ the trans-pacific partnership (tpp) at all, rather we should ...

introduction: equitable access to a basic set of health services at minimum quality and   affordable price is the right of every citizen and in all countries the governments have the duty to deliver these services to the population. international trade in health services influences the balance between equitable distribution of these services, creating incentives to improve the efficiency of hea...

The effect of growth hormone (GH) on binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to liver membrane preparations was investigated in hypophysectomized mice and partially GH-deficient, genetic mutant "little" (lit/lit) mice. The EGF binding of normal male mice and testosterone-treated females was higher than in normal females. Due to diminished receptor concentration, hepatic EGF binding was decreas...