Linear optical multiports are widely used in photonic quantum information processing. Naturally, these devices directionally-biased since photons always propagate from the input ports toward output ports. Recently, concept of directionally-unbiased linear was proposed. These allow to along a reverse direction, which can greatly reduce number required elements for complicated networks. Here, we ...

A new method for an all-optical PAM modulation is presented. The method relies on coupling modulation of a ring resonator with an RF length much shorter than the previously proposed segmented MZI. The PAM modulator is optimized in terms of linearity both for the reverse and forward-biased cases. This modulator can operate for long haul communication with data rate only limited by the bandwidth ...

Gene conversion is the unidirectional transfer of genetic information between orthologous (allelic) or paralogous (nonallelic) genomic segments. Though a number of studies have examined nucleotide replacements, little is known about length difference mutations produced by gene conversion. Here, we investigate insertions and deletions produced by nonallelic gene conversion in 338 Drosophila and ...

We report on microwave emission from linear parallel arrays of underdamped Josephson junctions, which are described by the Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) model. Electromagnetic radiation is detected from the arrays when biased on current singularities (steps) appearing at voltages V(n)=Φ(0)(nc̅/L), where Φ(0)=2.07×10(-15)  Wb is the magnetic flux quantum, and c̅, L, and n are, respectively, the speed of ...

The concept of early detection of cancer holds great promise and intuitive appeal. However, powerful biases can mislead clinicians when evaluating the efficacy of screening tests by clinical observation alone. Selection bias, lead-time bias, length-biased sampling, and overdiagnosis are counterintuitive concepts with critical implications for early-detection efforts. This article explains these...