We experimentally show that current models of reciprocity are incomplete in a systematic way using a new variant of the ultimatum game that provides second-movers with a marginal-cost-free punishment option. For a substantial proportion of the population, the degree of rst-mover unkindness determines the severity of punishment actions even when marginal costs are absent. The proportion of these...

  Background :Nursing education can maintain its dynamic quality when it moves toward innovation and modern methods of teaching and learning. Therefore, teachers are required to employ up to date methods in their teaching plans. This study evaluated the effects of e-learning, lectures, and role playing on nursing students’ learning, retention, and satisfaction.   Methods : Sixty nursing student...

  Background :Being informed of new methods of teaching and comparing their outcome help teachers use more effective and efficient methods in developing and implementing new training courses. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of epidemiology learning software on learning epidemiology courses.   Methods : This quasi-experimental study included 101 nursingand midwifery students ta...

Background: Testing and teaching are interrelated in education process; using various kinds of tests, teachers are able to anticipate the strong and weak points of learning in students, their progress and their accomplishment. The influence of test on teaching and learning is commonly referred to as washback. Testing washback is a twisted concept that becomes even more complex under a various i...

Introduction: Today, student-centered methods must be used to train students with professional competency. One of the most valuable methods is Jigsaw (JT). Despite its various positive effects on students’ learning, not all teachers are familiar with Jigsaw. In order to familiarize teachers with this method and encourage them to use it in teaching their students, this article introduces Jigsaw,...

introduction. this is quasi experimental research in order to determine and compare the learning level of nursing skills ( in b.a students) with self-directed learning and tutor-directed learning pattern in shaheed beheshti univeristy of medical sciences and health services, nursing and midwifery faculty, 1998-1999. methods. first of all, a questionnaire composed of some demographic data such a...