The sciatic nerve, as the largest branch of the sacral plexus, leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen beneath the piriform muscle. Afterwards, it divides into the tibial and the common peroneal nerves, most frequently at the level of the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. Higher level of the sciatic nerve division is a relatively frequent phenomenon. The tibial nerve gives muscu...

Unlike the human lung, monopodial canine airway branching follows an irregular dichotomized pattern with fractal features. We studied three canine airway molds and found a self-similarity feature from macro- to microscopic scales, which formed a fractal set up to seven scales in the airways. At each fractal scale, lateral branches evenly lined up along an approximately straight main trunk to fo...

A 43-year-old female cadaver showed a complete bilateral absence of the musculocutaneous nerve. The anterior compartment muscles of both arms were supplied by median nerve excepting the coracobrachialis which was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord of brachial plexus. The median nerve, after supplying the biceps and brachialis muscles, gave onto the lateral cutaneous nerve of th...

A new species, Eostyloceros hezhengensis sp. nov., is established based on a skull with its cranial appendages collected from the Late Miocene Liushu Formation of the Linxia Basin in Gansu Province, northwestern China. It is a large-sized muntjak with a distinct longitudinal ridge along the lateral margin of the frontal bone that joins the antler pedicle. The pedicle is short, cylindrical, robu...

The formation of the branches of the optic tract has been studied with the use of [3H]proline autoradiography, during development and during regeneration of the optic nerve in Xenopus with one compound ventral (VV) eye made by the embryonic fusion of two ventral eye fragments. The formation of the optic pathway was abnormal in that the lateral branch failed to develop, suggesting that fibres fr...

AIM To describe vascular anatomy of the maxillary sinus in dentate specimens dissected from human cadavers. METHODS Twenty dentate maxillary specimens were dissected, anatomically prepared, and injected with liquid latex for a better visualization of the maxillary sinus artery. RESULTS We found an intraosseous anastomosis in 100% and an extraosseous anastomosis in 90% of the cases. The ante...

A complex variation in the pattern of blood supply to the palm of the hand was encountered during a routine dissection of a female adult cadaver. Findings were: (a) there was no communication between the superficial palmar branches of the radial and ulnar arteries (incomplete superficial palmar arch); (b) the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery coursed superficially to the thenar mus...

Knowledge of radial nerve motor branch anatomy is important when performing surgery in its vicinity, neurorrhaphy, and nerve blocks and for understanding the rate and order of recovery of muscle function after injury. Twenty normal fresh cadaver arms were dissected to quantitate radial nerve motor branch anatomy in the forearm. Though variable in individual specimens, innervation order from pro...

The hip joint gains its vascular supply from the superior gluteal arteries as well as from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries with the first perforating artery. In gluteal trauma, the superior and inferior gluteal artery may be affected which may end with vascular insult of hip joint. The current study includes a dissection of 171 cadavers to examine the vascular supply of hip j...

Background The lateral arm flap is used for composite defects in need of vascularized soft tissue, skin, and bone. From its original description, the distal humeral metaphysis can be included with the flap, supplied by the periosteal extensions of the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery. We sought to reexplore the anatomy of the lateral arm to determine its utility as a donor site ...