Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes latent infections in hematopoietic cells such as granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GM-Ps). During latency the virus is sequestered in a nonreplicating state, although limited transcriptional activity has been previously reported. In this study we sought to further examine viral gene expression during the latent phase of infection. Using an experimental ...

OBJECTIVES Persistent HIV-1 infections are characterized by a long silent infection period in resting CD4+ T cells, which allows them to escape the host immune response. Several HIV-1 latency mechanisms have been reported, but the molecular mechanism underlying polycomb repressor complex (PRC)-mediated HIV-1 latency remains poorly understood. METHODS Expression of PRC proteins in latent cells...

web search engines are one of the most popular tools on the internet which are widely-used by expert and novice users. constructing an adequate query which represents the best specification of users’ information need to the search engine is an important concern of web users. query expansion is a way to reduce this concern and increase user satisfaction. in this paper, a new method of query expa...

In recent years, chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation have emerged as hallmarks of HIV disease progression and mortality. Several studies indicate that soluble inflammatory biomarkers (sCD14, IL-6, IL-8, CRP and hyaluronic acid), as well as surface markers of T-cell activation (CD38, HLA-DR) independently predict progression to AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Whil...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that have a similar fashion of transmission via sharp objects contaminated by viruses, transplant surgery, transfusion, sexual relations. Simultaneous infections with HTLV-I HIV-1 usually occur in areas where both viruses become endemic. CD4+T cells the main targets HTLV-I, while can infect macr...

Typhoid disease or salmonellosis is a common sickness in horses. In several epidemiological studies inhospitalized horses, several serotypes of Salmonella often are predominant in nosocomial infections.Transportation, overcrowding, dehydration, oral antimicrobial therapy and infections are the risk factorswhich may activate latent or subclinical salmonellosis. In this study, t...

A complex interaction has evolved between the host's peripheral nervous system (PNS) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Sensory neurons are permissive for viral replication, yet the virus can also enter a latent state in these cells. The interplay of viral and neuronal signals that regulate the switch between the viral lytic and latent states is not understood. The latency-associated tran...