background: one of the most important ways of pathologic and non-pathologic parasites transmission is through eating raw vegetables. iranian people believe that eating raw vegetables is an important way to get some essential vitamins and minerals. objectives: according to the high prevalence of pathologic parasites and also exporting different vegetables to the other provinces such as tehran, w...

Gnathostoma, primarily an animal nematode, can infect human by the third stage larva by consumption of undercooked or raw fish, poultry, or pork. In Bangladesh gnathostomiasis is a very rare condition. The first case, an ocular infection by gnathostoma was reported in 2001 from Rangpur, a northern district. This is the second case report of gnathostomiasis which also is an ocular infection, occ...

1. Fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito A. taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), when living in sea water, drink at a rate of 100 nl h(-1) larva(-1) and maintain ionic and osmotic levels in the haemolymph at about one-third those of the external medium. 2. Hyperosmotic urine is produced in the rectum by secretion of fluid having an osmotic concentration and ionic composition similar to that of sea water,...

The effect of a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic R394 (ethyl 9-cyclohexyl-3, 7-dimethy l-2, 4-nonadienoate) applied topically on the abdominal tergum of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) after the fourth ecdysis has been studied. JH R394 ranging from 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 μl / larva was applied at 48, 72 and 96 hours of V instar larva that was improved the cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio etc. The most ...

The first-instar larva of the hanging-fly Bittacus trapezoideus Huang & Hua, 2005 is described using scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The eruciform larva bears three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of abdominal prolegs. Like other species of the family Bittacidae, the larval head is remarkable for bearing a median ocellus frontally and a pair of compound eyes laterally. E...

Host-parasite interactions of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller, 1776) in naturally infected amphipod, Echinogammarus stammeri (Karaman), from the Brenta River (northern Italy) are described. A fully developed acanthocephalan larva occupies a large portion of an amphipod's haemocoelic space; thus, the parasite frequently induces displacement of host digestive tract and other internal organs. Howeve...

Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. The invertebrate iridoviruses 22 (IIV22) and 25 (IIV25) were originally isolated from a single sample of blackfly larva (Simulium spp., order Diptera) collected from the Ystwyth river near Aberystwyth, Wales. Recently, the genomes of IIV22 (197.7 kbp) and IIV25 (204.8 kbp) were s...

OBJECTIVE Myiasis is the invasion of human tissues by Diptera larvae. Ocular involvement is uncommon. Trauma is the major cause of lacrimal apparatus lesions. However, it is rarely associated with parasitic infestation. The objective of this paper is to report a case of canalicular laceration caused by Dermatobia hominis larva. DESCRIPTION An eight-year-old girl presented preseptal cellulitis...

Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis due to the migration of Toxocara species larvae through human organism. Humans become infected by ingesting either embryonated eggs from soil (geophagia, pica), dirty hands or raw vegetables, or larvae from undercooked giblets. The diagnosis relies upon sensitive immunological methods (ELISA or western-blot) which use Toxocara excretory-secretory antige...

Given the intractability of exhaustively verifying software, the use of runtime-verification, to verify single execution paths at runtime, is becoming popular. Although the use of runtime verification is increasing in industrial settings, various challenges still are to be faced to enable it to spread further. We present dynamic communicating automata with timers and events to describe properti...