The personal digital twin extends to individual persons, a concept that originated in engineering complex machines with simulation containing model of its functions monitor past and present behaviour, repair, correct, improve or otherwise ensure optimal operation. Several independent trends technological developments are seen converge towards the elaboration replication human data life history,...

lthough of crucial importance, human trials of HIV vaccines should not go forward without appropriate attention to ethical considerations. This chapter provides an overview of the ethical considerations that arise in the design and conduct of clinical trials of preventive HIV vaccines.1 The primary focus of this chapter is on Phase III (efficacy) trials; however, many ethical issues relevant to...

In 1996 approximately 1 million cosmetic laser treatments were performed; the estimated projection for 2000 is 3.4 million. The turnover for photoepilation systems alone has increased from 85 million dollars in 1997 to 185 million dollars in 1999 (1).There is hardly any other therapy that bears the weight of such high expectations on the part of patients and physicians; no other medical procedu...