Existing research indicates that instructed learners' L2 proficiency and their metalinguistic knowledge are moderately correlated. However, the operationalization of the construct of metalinguistic knowledge has varied somewhat across studies. Metalinguistic knowledge has typically been operationalized as learners' ability to correct, describe, and explain L2 errors. More recently, this operati...

a given aptitude, it must be given to persons known to possess that aptitude, and their standings in the test must correspond with their working proficiency. The question that always perplexes the investigator is: What shall I use an an index of their proficiency? In technical terms, what shall be the criterion? The criterion, according to Burtt, "is an index of occupational proficiency which i...

Many tutoring systems currently in use provide a wealth of information pertaining to student learning over long periods of time. Providing meaningful representations of student performance can indicate levels of knowledge and understanding that can alert instructors to potential struggling students in order to provide aid where it is needed; it is the goal of many researchers to even provide su...

Declining enrollments in engineering programs, pressure from state legislatures, and accreditation have made student retention a major issue. Community building, mentoring and learning style models are some of the approaches used to improve retention. Retention studies have shown that high school grades and admission tests (SAT scores) are two of the more reliable pre-college indicators of succ...

The relationships between perceived multiple intelligences and musical aptitude were examined in 298 Chinese gifted students in Hong Kong. Self-perceived musical intelligence consistently emerged as the significant predictor of global musical aptitude, and its components of tonal imagery, rhythm imagery, and musical sensitivity, suggesting that self-perceptions did reflect actual abilities. How...

Although siblings are thought to be influential in child development, little is known about the influence of sibling status on the health of older adults. Using structural equation modeling, the authors created and tested a series of models with data from a sample (N = 3,968) of 1957 high school graduates from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The results indicated that socioeconomic status of ...

We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effect of various family structures on behavioral and cognitive outcomes for children aged 7 to 10. We extended previous research by using a longitudinal definition of family structure and by exploring multiple mechanisms through which family structure may affect children in 2 outcome domains. We found that family income...