Several recent studies explore how American politicians represent the policy views of subconstituencies within the electorate. We extend this perspective to 12 West European democracies over the period 1973–2002 to examine how mainstream parties responded to electoral subconstituencies. We find that parties were highly responsive to the views of opinion leaders, i.e., citizens who regularly eng...

the use of corticosteroids is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding up the process of labor. after identification of glucocorticoid receptors in human amnion, the role of corticosteroids in starting the process of labor has been studied in numerous studies.the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous dexamethasone on preparing the cervix and o...

In a company, several aspects can increase profit, one of which is productivity. Productivity measurement improve productivity in the future by taking into account calculation all raw material inputs, energy, labor, and capital used company to show products produced. general, concept comparison between output input per unit time. This study uses observational data collection techniques observe ...

The environmental impacts have become a series of problems in today’s construction environments. Environmental conditions can an adverse impact on the duration, cost, and quality activities. This study is conducted to describe point out environment building projects sodo town. contractor estimate Productivity loss due activity be either partial or complete: generally attributed reduced labor pr...

skilled labor force is very important in economic growth. workers become skilled when they are healthy and able to be educated and work. in this study, we estimated the effects of health indicators on labor supply. we used labor force participation rate as the indicator of labor supply. we categorized this indicator into 2 indicators of female and male labor force participation rates and compar...

In the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals by Ukraine and building Industry 4.0 here, which is accompanied a global digital transformation (digitalization) all public spheres activity, such multifunctional multidimensional phenomenon as corruption now serious threat to relations, among labor relations are no exception. It causes decrease in level productivity active employers due...

This study examines the role of autocratic ruling party strength in democratic transitions. While impact on regime stability is extensively studied, we know much less about how influences prospects for democratization during Proceeding from recent studies that suggest incumbents often choose to democratize a position rather than weakness, I discuss specific attributes strong organizations wield...

Do “niche” parties—such as Communist, Green, and extreme nationalist parties—adjust their policies in response to shifts in public opinion? Would such policy responsiveness enhance these parties’ electoral support? We report the results of statistical analyses of the relationship between parties’ policy positions, voters’ policy preferences, and election outcomes in eight Western European democ...