l2 research has shown that instruction in l2 pragmatics is necessary. the current study evaluated the impact of explicit instruction on efl learner's awareness and production of three speech acts of request, apology, and complaint. it also probed whether learners’ language proficiency plays any role in incorporating pragmatic instruction into the l2 classroom. iranian undergraduate student...

Under normal circumstances, acquiring a first language, compared to acquiring a second or third language, seems to come naturally and successfully. This natural process of first language acquisition (henceforth L1A) appears to be illogical. This is because what first language learners (henceforth L1ers) attain (i.e. a grammar of adult native speakers of a given language) goes beyond the positiv...

Fluency in a second language (L2) involves a quintessentially cognitive processing system that operates quickly and effectively. The perceived importance of researching fluency through a psycholinguistic lens has motivated the related L2 research to resort to current cognitive speaking-specific models. This study, drawing on Levelt’s (1999a) psycholinguistic model, probed the deficiency sources...

This article had two aims: to provide a thorough review of the existing literature examining overall degree of foreign accent in a second language (L2), and to present a new foreign accent experiment. The literature review suggested that a wide variety of variables in#uence degree of foreign accent. These variables include age of L2 learning, length of residence in an L2-speaking country, gende...

The carbohydrate epitope L2/HNK-1 (hereafter designated L2) is expressed in the adult mouse by myelinating Schwann cells of ventral roots and muscle nerves, but rarely by those of dorsal roots or cutaneous nerves. Since substrate-coated L2 glycolipids promote outgrowth of cultured motor but not sensory neurons, L2 may thus influence the preferential reinnervation of muscle nerves by regeneratin...

Teachers can influence the complex process of learning in education, in general, and in second/foreign language (L2) learning in particular. In this light, understanding the factors influencing teachers’ pedagogical success can help L2 teachers achieve more effective teaching. This study then investigated the role of spiritual intelligence (SI) in L2 teachers’ pedagogical success. In so doing, ...

syntax trees are represented as Prolog terms but at the same time with an acceptable concrete appearance. A defining interpreter consists of the following predicates. program(program, final-storage) statement(statement, storage-before, storage-after) expression(expression, storage, integer) condition(condition, storage, ftrue, falseg) Some of the rules of this interpreter are shown in the follo...

We consider the problem of identifying sharp criteria under which radial H (finite energy) solutions to the focusing 3d cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) i∂tu + ∆u + |u|2u = 0 scatter, i.e. approach the solution to a linear Schrödinger equation as t → ±∞. The criteria is expressed in terms of the scale-invariant quantities ‖u0‖L2‖∇u0‖L2 and M [u]E[u], where u0 denotes the initial data,...

This study examines the relationship between both first language (L1) and second language (L2) reading attitudes, and learners' performance in L2 extensive reading. Four reading attitude variables were identified (Comfort, Anxiety, Value, Self-perception), both in L1 and L2, according to learners' responses to a questionnaire. Results of analyses using these four variables are summarised on two...

Interneurons play a key role in cortical function and dysfunction, yet organization of cortical interneuronal circuitry remains poorly understood. Cortical Layer 1 (L1) contains 2 general GABAergic interneuron groups, namely single bouquet cells (SBCs) and elongated neurogliaform cells (ENGCs). SBCs predominantly make unidirectional inhibitory connections (SBC→) with L2/3 interneurons, whereas ...