PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to classify brands of bottled water by manufacturer assigned labeling to verify the concentration of fluoride for those brands that claim to contain fluoride, and to determine the existence and concentration of fluoride for those brands that do not cite fluoride or list it as undetermined on the product label. METHODS A convenience sample of bottled drink...

A significant portion of academic research on marketing strategy focuses on how national brands of repeat-purchase goods are managed or should be managed. Surprisingly little consideration is given in this tradition to the extended role of geography, i.e., distance and space. For instance, manufacturers of brands in non-durable product categories are well aware of the fact that their national b...

The presence of heavy metals in the environment could constitute a hazard to food security and public health. These can be accumulated in aquatic animals such as fish. Samples of four popular brands of canned fish in the Iranian market (yellowfin tuna, common Kilka, Kawakawa and longtail tuna) were analyzed for level of Cr after wet digestion with acids using graphite furnace atomic absorption ...

Construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) suggests that construal level—or the degree of abstractness of mental representations—increases with temporal, spatial, or sensory distance. Three experiments show that the mere presence of a set of target brands at the time a choice is made encourages consumers to represent the brands in memory in terms of concrete lower-level construals. Consequ...

Different schema-based expectations for competing brands can produce shifting evaluative standards in consumers' relative ratings of these brands. This shift in standards differentially affects objective (number-based) and subjective (word-based) rating scales. Several studies support the proposition that a brand rated as objectively inferior to another can be subjectively perceived as equivale...

Nearly all adult smokers first try cigarettes before age 18 years (1), and adolescents can show symptoms of nicotine dependence within days to weeks of the onset of occasional cigarette smoking (2). Having a usual cigarette brand among adolescent smokers could reflect exposure and receptivity to pro-tobacco advertising and tobacco product appeal (1). To identify usual cigarette brands smoked am...

The present work synthesizes the main proofs related to the fact that the brands and the process of branding are as old as the human civilization, initially through the appearance and use of the “proto-brands” concept ever since the beginning of the human existence, and then, in different forms and different historical periods, brands show a dynamic of their existence. It is highlighted the asp...

In this paper, the theory of customer value throughout the entire process of research, centered on how to measure customer value and develop competitive strategy with the theory of customer value. Firstly, the paper introduced the idea of “competition” to the theory of customer value measurement, pointed out that the measurement of customer value needs to select and integrate the existing metho...

The study was undertaken to evaluate some chemical parameters of powder milk available in Mymensingh town. Powder milk samples of six different brands namely Kwality, NIDO, Diploma, Anchor, Farmland & Starship were collected from local market. Powder samples were analyzed to know the chemical (P, acidity, fat, protein, lactose, ash, moisture, solids-not-fat, total solids) characteristics. P, ac...

This study examined the physical properties of six common brands of short-stretch compression bandages used to treat lymphedema. The physical properties examined were (a) maintenance of pressure over a 12-hr period, (b) variability of pressure across the width of the bandages, and (c) variability of pressure when the bandages were wrapped with a 50% overlap. The results of the study indicate th...