The content and essence of the principles differentiation individualization execution punishments in criminal enforcement law are considered within scope article. Emphasis is placed on exceptional unified perception this complex basis, taking into account elements individualization. It noted that these a will properly reproduce principle punishments, and, contrary, separate indicate only partia...

Schools today frequently resort to punishments that exclude students from the classroom, such as expulsion, suspension, and in-school suspension, much like the criminal justice system excludes criminals from greater society. Although prior research testing the racial threat hypothesis has found that racial composition is associated with the use of more punitive criminal punishment and harsher s...

Three studies examined the motives underlying people’s desire to punish. In previous research, participants have read hypothetical criminal scenarios and assigned “fair” sentences to the perpetrators. Systematic manipulations within these scenarios revealed high sensitivity to factors associated with motives of retribution, but low sensitivity to utilitarian motives. This research identiWes the...

We study optimal contest design in situations where the designer can reward high performance agents with positive prizes and punish low performance agents with negative prizes. We link the optimal prize structure to the curvature of distribution of abilities in the population. In particular, we identify conditions under which, even if punishment is costly, punishing the bottom is more effective...

Standard notions of equilibrium in infinite-horizon interactions support a course of action by the players' beliefs that a deviation will be "punished". Along the equilibrium path, players optimize with respect to their beliefs and thus never realize these punishments. In the case of infinitely repeated games with complete information, this approach often results in "Folk Theorem". Under the so...

We study common agency problems in which principals (groups) make costly commitments to incentives that are conditioned on imperfect signals of the agent’s action. Our framework allows for incentives to be either rewards or punishments and an equilibrium always exists. For our canonical example with two principals we obtain a unique equilibrium, which typically involves randomization by both pr...

Systems of selfish-computers are subject to transient faults due to temporal malfunctions; just as the society is subjected to human mistakes. Game theory uses punishment for deterring improper behaviour. Due to faults, selfish-computers may punish well-behaved ones. This is one of the key motivations for forgiveness that follows any effective and credible punishment. Therefore, unplanned punis...

Norms represent what ought to be done, and their fulfillment can be seen as benefiting the overall system, society or organisation. However, individual agent goals (desire) may conflict with system norms. If a decision to comply with a norm is determined exclusively by an agent or, conversely, if norms are rigidly enforced, then system performance may be degraded, and individual agent goals may...