Reading disability (also called reading retardation) is defined as a significant reduction in reading ability relative to general intelligence. Some defintions arbitrarily specify that reading be a certain number of years or academic grades (usually two) below the individual's general intellectual capacity. Other definitions involve a certain percentage of reduction below average reading abilit...

a r t i c l e i n f o The goals of this study were to longitudinally examine the association between social and emotional competence (SEC) and academic achievement in early adolescence, exploring the moderating role of gender in this relation. Using a short-term longitudinal design, self-and teacher-reported indicators of SEC were used to predict early adolescents' (N = 461, Mean age = 12.02 ye...

abstract genre-based approach has been the focus of interest in the teaching of language since the mid1980s. genre is defined in terms of the use of language in conventionalized communicative settings. the present study made an attempt to scrutinize the effects of genre-based pedagogy on iranian pre-intermediate efl leaners' reading comprehension as well as the interaction between their re...

Research continues to suggest that adolescents struggle with reading, indicating that much work remains to ensure that all students read at levels consistent with the skills required for academic achievement (Biancarosa & Snow, 2006). This article investigates whole class choral reading (WCCR) within the context of a sixth-grade language arts setting for the purpose of improving oral reading fl...

This mixed-method research used questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and open-ended questions as the instrument of data collection. Twenty-five samples were selected randomly from 112 populations. The objectives study to explore online reading strategies in academic by foreign language learners during Covid 19 outbreak. revealed that: Using varied four different types, namely global strategy, p...