There is some consensus among researchers that the first urban civi‐ lization labeled a ‘city’ was Sumer in the period 3,500–3,000 BC. The meaning of the word, however, has evolved with the advancement of technology. Adjec‐ tives such as digital, intelligent, and smart have been prefixed to ‘city’, to reflect the evolution. In this study, we pose the question: What makes a ‘Smart City’, as oppo...

This article argues that smart grid technologies enable policy‐makers and communities to successfully manage enduring energy policy concerns. It defines what ‘smart’ energy technologies, grids and policies mean, and then evaluates how the smart grid can enable policy‐makers to respond to an emerging energy ‘trilemma’. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the article suggests that the...

Smart grids are promoted to resolve challenges of electricity production and consumption. Social studies of smart grids have been undertaken that utilise practice theory to explore and gain insight on the development of smart grids with a particular focus on households. This perspective usefully describes practices in which electricity is used in households. However, reducing smart grid ecologi...

The concept of Ubiquitous Computing Environment leads new paradigm change in urban space creation. In Korea, new concept of Ubiquitous-City (U-City) draws a lot of attentions now. It is trying to fuse high-tech infrastructure and ubiquitous information service into the urban area. It is also thought to bring innovations of urban functions. At last, it is advancing to the ubiquitous society, int...

Many ubiquitous systems and technologies have been developed as of now. As known the goal of ubiquitous computing is to achieve the wellbeing life. There are four different aspects for achieving ubiquitous computing, namely, they are within the computing paradigm, technical principle, application domain and application space. Nowadays, ubiquitous city (U-city) is the most applicable domain in t...

models of living in cities needs planning for land use. those who have planned for the cities have studied land use to present a model for the construction of cities. change of land use, is the main concern today. the factors which affect the change in land use can be divided into three main groups: legal factors, economical factors and population. out of these three factors, population has bee...

abstract in this study, two wild iranian crocus species (crocus speciosus and crocus cancellathus) were examined using 16 morphological characters and 13 issr primers on 250 and 25 plant samples, respectively. the highest and lowest coefficient of variations were belonged to the thickness of the petals (71.25%) and the leaf length (15.08%), respectively. cluster analysis based on morphological ...

Although prehistoric periods (especially Chalcolithic) on the western side of the Central Zagros Mountain are fairly known, the Songhor and Koliyaei Plains have not been sufficiently investigated by western  or  Iranian archaeologists. In the course of the recent investigationsduring the 2002 and 2009 field seasons, thirty three chalcolithic sites, of which nine sites  contain Dalma sherds, wer...

this article deals with the social theories and analysis of the theoreticiansconcerning the global changes and the foundations of global system and the new worldorder. it also deals with different phases in the theories of future thoughts and thederived mechanism and analyses the urban space as a key issue in social order in theheart of social theories. it also depicts the theories of great the...